Financing of internal displacement: excerpts from the Sri Lankan experience

This paper investigates how internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, financed their first year of displacement. We conducted extensive fieldwork in August 2007 in numerous welfare centres in Batticaloa that have received persons displaced from the Mutur divisional secretariat (DS) in the Trincomalee district. The sample was selected from the village of Sampur in Mutur DS. The displaced from Sampur are of Tamil origin and our findings reveal certain coping strategies that may be particular to this community, including the selling or mortgaging of gold jewellery to address the effects of displacement. We found that the IDPs in this region rely heavily on jewellery and other forms of savings to ensure their survival. There is also strong evidence to support the critically important coping role played by livelihoods. These coping strategies have enabled the IDP households in the present sample to live marginally above the poverty line.     

气幕隔尘法在电炉屋顶烟罩排烟系统中的应用分析

通常电炉加料和出钢时的烟气均通过屋顶烟罩捕集,但使用效果不够理想。为提高屋顶烟罩的捕集效率,节省大规模排烟量和风机能耗,提出更加经济的气幕隔尘法用于辅助电炉屋顶烟罩排烟。即在屋顶烟罩底部形成一个无形透明的屏障,以阻止电炉加料或出钢时的向上烟气不因车间横向气流的干扰而向屋顶烟罩外扩散。结合工程项目分析了气幕隔尘新技术的应用前景。     

Selling displaced people? A multi‐method study of the public communication strategies of international refugee organisations

The world has seen a major increase in forced displacement since 2011. As a growing number of states implement restrictive refugee policies, public communication has become essential for refugee organisations. This study analysed, therefore, three international refugee organisations’ discursive strategies towards the recent Syrian crisis, as well as their production and the social context. A critical discourse analysis of international press releases (N=122) and six semi‐structured interviews with press and regional officers revealed that the observed actors largely dehumanise displaced people and subordinate them to the ‘Western self’ and state interests; displaced people hardly ever acquire their own voice. The study found that the medium characteristics of press releases and the importance of media attention result in a depersonalising humanitarian discourse. In addition, there were indications of a post‐humanitarian discourse that reproduced the humanitarian sector's ‘marketisation’. Finally, the examined organisations use the political realist cross‐issue persuasion strategy, displaying displaced people as resettlement objects.     

Investigation on the degradation and opening behavior of knife blade burst disks

Burst disks are often used as the highest level of defense against over pressure. 36 knife blade burst disks were spent to test their steadfastness and reliability. Half of the burst disks were subjected to stress similar to normal use in a plant. They showed no sign of degradation compared to the unstressed disks. However many disks failed to burst at the specified pressure and none opened with the specified cross section. These parameters are essential for dimensioning pressure relief equipment.     

Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multi‐wave analysis

This study advances the limited research on work alignment and work engagement by investigating how perceived alignment of job tasks and organizational strategic priorities (strategic alignment) influences work engagement. Measures of job control and work social support were also included to enable comparisons between strategic alignment and other well‐established job resources. A total of 1011 employees of an Australian state police service responded to three electronic, self‐report surveys. A reciprocal model was assessed over three waves of data, with varying time lags: 18 (Time 1 to Time 2), 12 (Time 2 to Time 3), and 30 months (Time 1 to Time 3). Longitudinal, reciprocal relationships were observed for work engagement and job control, strategic alignment, and colleague support. Work engagement also predicted supervisor support over time (reverse effect). This study demonstrated that, in addition to job resources, perceived alignment of job tasks and organizational priorities plays an important role in maintaining high levels of work engagement over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Societal individualism–collectivism and uncertainty avoidance as cultural moderators of relationships between job resources and strain

The job demands–resources model is a dominant theoretical framework that describes the influence of job demands and job resources on employee strain. Recent research has highlighted that the effects of job demands on strain vary across cultures, but similar work has not explored whether this is true for job resources. Given that societal characteristics can influence individuals' cognitive structures and, to a lesser extent, values in a culture, we address this gap in the literature and argue that individuals' strain in reaction to job resources may differ across cultures. Specifically, we theorize that the societal cultural dimensions of individualism–collectivism and uncertainty avoidance shape individual‐level job resource–strain relationships, as they dictate which types of resources (i.e., individual vs. group preference‐oriented and uncertainty‐reducing vs. not) are more likely to be valued, used, or effective in combating strain within a culture. Results revealed that societal individualism–collectivism and uncertainty avoidance independently moderated the relationships between certain job resources (i.e., job control, participation in decision making, and clear goals and performance feedback) and strain (i.e., job satisfaction and turnover intentions). This study expands our understanding of the cross‐cultural specificity versus generalizability of the job demands–resources model.     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究—(2)十字换乘车站火灾

针对当前地铁十字换乘车站缺少火灾场景系统性分析和评估的问题,釆用1∶10的地铁多线换乘车站火灾实验模型,进行十字换乘车站的火灾场景设计和对应全尺寸火源热释放率0.91~2.60 MW的火灾实验,研究十字换乘车站内站厅及站台危险位置发生火灾时的优化排烟方案。结果表明:站厅一端火灾时,站厅排烟可确保中部换乘通道和站厅另一端楼梯及出口在起火6 min内不受烟气影响;站厅中部火灾时,采用站厅排烟能保障站厅两端楼梯及出口作为疏散通道的安全性。地下2层站台或地下3层站台一端楼梯口发生火灾时,采用站台排烟与站厅送风联动的模式可控制烟气在站台内的扩散范围,确保站台未起火楼梯和站厅层在起火6 min内能够作为安全疏散通道;仅采用站台排烟可以控制烟气在站台内水平方向的扩散,但在火源功率较大时烟气会通过换乘通道和楼梯进入站厅。通过模型实验验证十字换乘车站中采用站厅站台联合通风模式的有效性,并提出多种火源功率、通风模式下的烟气扩散范围和规律,为十字换乘车站的烟气控制模式优化提供了数据支撑。     

固定污染源监测断面的选择对流量测定的影响

监测断面的选择在废气污染源监测中起着相当重要的作用 ,在无法找到完全符合技术规范要求的监测断面时 ,以前常将监测断面选择在砖砌烟囱上的方法。通过实验 ,否定了该方法应用于测定废气流量较小的污染源的可行性 ,提出了应用于测定废气流量较小的污染源时 ,较为成熟的监测断面选择方案。     

三层混床技术在水处理装置中的应用

某化肥厂水处理装置采用混合离子交换器生产精制水,针对现存的阴阳双层离子交换树脂交叉污染问题,在不改变设备结构及工艺的前提下,采用三层混床技术将阴阳离子树脂彻底分离,有效消除了交叉污染问题,再生次数减少,混床运行周期平均延长到10d,周期制水量由原来的3.02×104 m3提高到4.32×104 m3;再生酸碱消耗量、用水量和污水排放量都得到了降低。     

冰雪表面HNO3的紫外光解机理

利用308 nm激光与cavity ring-down spectroscopy技术对HNO3的气相与冰表面光解进行了研究,考察了其光解量子产额与吸收系数,结果表明,.OH+NO2*是其光解反应的主要通道;HNO3在253 K、308 nm冰表面的吸收系数为(1.21±0.31)×10-18cm2.molecule-1,比其在气相的吸收系数(1.24±0.19)×10-21 cm.2molecule-1(295 K)及(8.50±0.24)×10-22cm.2molecule-1(253 K)均高约3个数量级;HNO3在253K冰表面光解产生NO2*的量子产额为0.60±0.34.