公众大气能见度认知下的支付意愿及影响因素

为了进一步将公众参与政策纳入到大气环境保护工作中,结合客观试验数据和实际调查问卷统计分析数据,通过向被访者展示2组10张照片(北京,摄于2011年10月),开展公众对大气能见度认知情况的实证研究,并分析生态价值观、环保态度和支付意愿的主要影响因素. 结果表明:在332名被访者中,支付意愿为0~50元/a的占28.9%,>50~100元/a的占17.8%,>100~200元/a的占12.0%,>200~500元/a的占19.0%,>500~1 000元/a的占13.9%,>1 000元/a的仅占8.4%. 公众生态价值观决定其环保态度(β=0.381,P<0.001),进而影响其对能见度改善的支付意愿(β=0.485,P<0.1). 与来自传统媒体和非盈利组织的环保信息相比,来自社交网络的环保信息能更显著地促进公众对大气环境的环保态度(β=0.117,P<0.001).      

基于CVM的城市大气细颗粒物健康风险的经济评估

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查北京居民对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿,结果表明居民为PM2.5年平均浓度降低30%、45%和60%的平均支付意愿分别71.60元/月、85.66元/月和94.31元/月.基于结构方程模型,以风险特征、风险情绪、风险沟通3个维度衡量风险认知,构建风险认知与支付意愿相关模型,分析表明风险认知对支付意愿的影响系数为0.37;风险认知3个维度中风险情绪反映度最高,负荷量为0.95,且风险情绪中“现实满意度”影响最显著,负荷量为0.71;风险特征中PM2.5健康风险发生可能性、后果严重性影响程度最高,负荷量均为0.85;个人特征能直接或通过风险认知间接影响支付意愿,总影响系数为0.47,且个人特征中受教育程度与收入表现出强共变性,共变系数为0.67.     

Compliance with recommended protective actions during an H7N9 emergency: a risk perception perspective

This study investigates the factors determining an individual's response to official recommended protective measures, based on the Health Belief Model and the Protective Action Decision Model, to understand the adoption of protective behaviour during an H7N9 (Avian Influenza A) emergency. A public survey involving 1,375 respondents was conducted in Anhui Province, China, during the 2013 H7N9 outbreak to test the research model and hypotheses. The results indicate that protective, stakeholder, and risk perceptions influence positively an individual's willingness to take recommended actions. Protective and stakeholder perceptions also have a positive bearing on lay people's risk perceptions. A stakeholder perception is a vital determinant of a protective perception. More importantly, the effects of protective and stakeholder perceptions on behavioural responses to recommendations are mediated in part by risk perception. These findings can help public health officials to develop messages to encourage members of the population to protect themselves effectively during an influenza crisis.     

Perceptions of risk characteristics of earthquakes compared to other hazards and their impact on risk tolerance

People tolerate different levels of risk owing to a variety of hazards. Previous research shows that the psychometric properties of hazards predict people's tolerance of them. However, this work has not taken into account events such as earthquakes. The present study tested how earthquakes score vis‐à‐vis risk properties and risk tolerance as compared to five other familiar hazards. Participants from Wellington, New Zealand (N=139) rated these six hazards using measures of risk characteristics and risk tolerance. Participants demonstrated different levels of risk tolerance for the different hazards and viewed earthquakes as having similar risk features to nuclear power. They also preferred different risk mitigation strategies for earthquakes (more government funding) to the other five hazards (stronger legislation). In addition, earthquake risk tolerance was predicted by different risk characteristics than the other five hazards. These findings will help risk communicators in identifying which risk characteristics to target to influence citizens' risk tolerance.     

目的地方言感知、品牌个性对游客忠诚的影响——游客满意的中介作用

选取西安为案例地,根据自我调节态度理论构建研究框架,探究游客对旅游目的地的方言感知与品牌个性的结构维度,进而揭示旅游目的地方言感知与品牌个性对旅游者满意度、忠诚度的内在影响机制。结果发现:(1)西安的目的地个性由历史文化、现代气息、闲适、活力和高雅5个维度构成。(2)游客对目的地方言的感知能够对目的地个性认知产生显著积极影响。(3)目的地品牌个性对游客满意有直接影响,并通过游客满意的中介作用间接影响游客忠诚。(4)目的地方言感知直接影响游客满意,同样通过游客满意的中介效应对游客忠诚产生间接作用。(5)目的地方言感知可通过目的地品牌个性和游客满意度链式中介作用于游客忠诚。     

非稳定流巷道火灾试验系统的研制

介绍了巷道火灾试验系统的构成,测定燃烧区膨胀热阻时测点位置的确定方法,火灾时期烟气温度、壁温及岩体温度、烟流中CO2及O2体积分数、沿程压力和风速等的测试方法及测试仪表精度,系统抗干扰方法,数据采集和处理软件的功能以及测试系统的调试方法.系统采用无补偿导线经济地解决了巷道燃烧区测温热电偶冷端温度补偿的方法,使测温系统误差由过去的10%左右下降到3%.     

Increasing the safety of children's vehicle travel: from effective risk communication to behavior change

INTRODUCTION: When installed and used correctly, child safety seats reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71% for infants and 54% for toddlers. However, four out of five safety seats are unintentionally misused. Yet, parents fail to participate in safety-seat checks and other child seat interventions aimed at correcting misuse. METHOD: Such lack of participation is the focus of this article, which argues that most caregivers are na?ve to their own vulnerability for misusing their child's seat. Research on risk perception is discussed as a guide to understanding both the high misuse rate and the lack of participation in interventions designed to correct this public safety problem. RESULTS AND IMPACT: A comprehensive intervention plan that incorporates risk communication techniques for maximum parental participation is proposed that includes three essential components: (a) establishing community locations for parents to turn for safety seat advice, (b) making these locations well known to the public, and (c) increasing caregivers' perceptions of risk of misusing their children's seats.     

Assessing Public Perceptions of Computer-Based Models

Although there is a solid body of research on both collaborative decision-making and on processes using models, there is little research on general public attitudes about models and their use in making policy decisions. This project assessed opinions about computer models in general and attitudes about a specific model being used in water planning in the Middle Rio Grande Region of New Mexico, United States. More than 1000 individuals were surveyed about their perceptions of computer-based models in general. Additionally, more than 150 attendees at public meetings related to the Middle Rio Grande planning effort were surveyed about their perceptions of the specific Rio Grande-based model. The results reveal that the majority of respondents are confident in their ability to understand models and most believe that models are appropriate tools for education and for making policy decisions. Responses also reveal that trust in who develops a model is a key issue related to public support. Regarding the specific model highlighted in this project, the public revealed tremendous support for its usefulness as a public engagement tool as well as a tool to assist decision-makers in regional water planning. Although indicating broad support for models, the results do raise questions about the role of trust in using models in contentious decisions.     

DISTRIBUTED RUNOFF FORMULATION DESIGNED FOR A PRECISION AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE MODELING SYSTEM1

A precision scale landscape model designed for agricultural applications is described in this paper. The Precision Agricultural Landscape Modeling System (PALMS) is a combination of two process‐based models: a diffusive wave runoff model with ponding (described in detail) and a biosphere model with a crops module (briefly reviewed). Several innovations, including numerical formulations for the hydrologic properties of the soil surface with crusting, slope/tillage angle interactions, and change of roughness and detention storage with cumulative precipitation have been included. The model is compared to observations on one 1.8 ha field planted with maize and soybeans during four growing seasons, and one 24 ha field planted with maize during one growing season. Daily average soil moisture is simulated well (within 5 percent volumetric), except in extended runoff/ponding episodes. Physical processes not simulated in the model suggest possible explanations for model errors. Planned improvements for PALMS are also presented.     

WATER QUALITY PERCEPTION BY USERS: CAN IT SUPPLEMENT OBJECTIVE WATER QUALITY MEASURES?1

ABSTRACT: Personal interviews were conducted with eighty campers in each of three Minnesota state parks to investigate the water quality perception of the recreationist. At the same time, water quality factors were measured or observed as an indication of conditions experienced by the interviewees. Most respondents perceived water pollution strictly on a visual basis. Sewage, public carelessness, industry, and farm fertilizers were “first choice selections” among major causes of water pollution in Minnesota. Seventy percent felt their recreational activities did not contribute to water pollution. Sixty-two percent said their life had not been affected by water pollution, while over two-thirds of the remaining thirty-eight percent listed curtailment of recreation as the primary result. Many mentioned an algal bloom at one park and the strong odor of rotten fish at a second park. On the basis of the senior author's observations, supported by the measurements taken, it was concluded that thèk were the only major problems in the three parks. Some incipient problems, such as nutrient enrichment and the presence of coliform bacteria, were indicated by the measurements. The type and degree of pollution identified by the recreationist could be important through its influence on user evaluations and space preferences. The establishment of relationships between water quality parameters and the perception of the recreationist will provide the manager with a tool to assist in evaluating participation in water-related outdoor recreation in terms of both user satisfaction and water quality.