湖北丹江口水库库区降雨侵蚀力特征

降雨侵蚀力(R)指数是估算土壤侵蚀量的一个基本因子,但如何利用气象站常规降雨统计资料估算R值具有重要的实践意义。利用湖北丹江口水库库区4个观测站(丹江口、十堰、郧县、郧西)的多年逐日降雨资料,通过比较分析多个经验模型对该地区的降雨侵蚀力的计算结果,优选出了表现最佳的估算模型,并用其计算结果分析了库区年降雨侵蚀力的空间分布和时间变化特征。结果表明,湖北丹江口库区丹江、郧西、十堰、郧县的年均降雨侵蚀力分别为3 331.94、3 272.40、3 501.21、3 187.94 MJ·mm/hm²·h·a,4个测站的均值为3 323.37 MJ·mm/hm2·h·a,空间分布比较均匀,与多年平均降雨量分布类似;降雨侵蚀力主要集中于5～9月份,占全年的88.60%以上;库区4个测站年降雨侵蚀力值波动较大,以郧西和十堰为甚,其最大单次降雨侵蚀力分别占其研究时段内总降雨侵蚀力的6.94%和4.87%。离差系数Cv(0.45～0.58)和趋势系数r(绝对值0.05～0.08)计算结果表明研究年限内年均降雨侵蚀力整体趋势保持平稳。
     

Nitrate Dynamics in Two Streams Impacted by Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge: Point Sources or Sinks?

We examined nitrate processing in headwater stream reaches downstream of two wastewater treatment plant outfalls during low streamflow. Our objectives were to quantify nitrate mass flux before and after effluent discharge and to use field and laboratory techniques to assess the mechanism of nitrate uptake. Microcosm experiments were utilized to determine the location of nitrate processing, and molecular biomarkers were used to detect and quantify microbial denitrification. At one site, downstream nitrate mass flux was significantly (p = 0.01) lower than sum of upstream and wastewater effluent fluxes, indicating rapid stream assimilation of incoming nitrate in the vicinity of the point source. Microcosm experiments supported the theory that nitrate processing occurs in sediments. Molecular assays for denitrifcation‐associated functional genes nosZ, nirS, and nirK, provided evidence that effluent contained enriched denitrifying communities relative to ambient stream water. Nitrate loss at the site with greater uptake was correlated with sulfate loss (p < 0.01; r² = 0.86), suggesting a possible link between sulfate reducing bacteria and denitrifying bacterial communities. Results suggest there is an opportunity to better understand nitrate dynamics in cases where point sources may act as point sinks under specific sets of conditions.     

中国工业节能:循环经济发展的驱动因素分析

工业是发展循环经济的关键领域,工业节能则是衡量循环经济发展水平的重要指标。不同的工业行业的能耗效率是不一样的,优化工业结构即增加能耗效率高的行业的比重而降低能耗效率低的行业的比重会产生一定的节能效果;提高工业行业的能耗效率能够产生明显的节能效果,而科技进步则是提高能耗效率的主要途径。循环经济的外部性原理说明,具有正外部性的经济活动因为私人收益小于社会收益,经济活动主体缺乏投资热情,这类经济活动会存在发展动力不足的现象。工业节能如果是存在正外部性的经济活动,则也会存在发展动力不足现象。工业节能的正外部性会表现在工业节能和工业的利润总额之间的关系上,即工业节能并不能促进工业利润总额的增长,两者甚至会有负相关关系。在上述论断的基础上,本研究分析中国工业结构变动的节能效果以及工业节能和工业利润总额的关系。方便起见,将工业节能的途径区分为结构调整节能和循环经济节能两类,分别探讨两类途径对中国工业节能的作用。依据循环经济与科技变革之间的关系,将工业行业分为A类循环经济行业和B类循环经济行业,并推断A类行业的节能量同利润总额存在相互促进的关系,B类则呈负相关,进而运用面板数据分析技术验证上述论断。如果工业节能具有正外部性,则B类循环经济行业应该明显多于A类。研究结果表明:从2006年至2013年,中国工业结构调整的节能效果非常微弱,中国工业节能主要是通过发展循环经济而取得的;循环经济具有正外部性,大多数行业的节能量与利润总额呈负相关关系;A类和B类工业行业循环经济发展水平和发展动力存在明显差异;科技进步在循环经济发展过程中发挥着决定性的作用。本研究建议,政府在推进工业节能工作的时候,应实施有差别的产业政策,相比于A类循环经济行业,对B类循环经济行业应给予更多政策优惠;提供循环经济补助资金和发展循环经济公共技术是提高工业节能效果的两大重要政策工具。     

边境碳调节对中国EITE产业竞争力和碳泄漏的影响

碳市场碎片化状态使各国碳排放因减排力度差异而消长,不仅造成碳泄漏风险,同时对减排国家经济特别是排放密集产业的国际竞争力产生负面冲击。本文建立多区域多部门CGE模型,设计4种边境碳调节政策,模拟分析其对我国的福利、碳泄漏和出口型排放密集产业(EITE)竞争力产生的政策效应。研究显示,我国制定边境碳调节政策,既要考虑碳关税也要考虑出口返还,前者有利于改善我国的福利水平,后者可以收到抑制碳泄漏和保持EITE产业国际竞争力的效果,因而有必要把边境碳调节政策纳入我国碳市场制度设计。无论从产出还是贸易来看,我国EITE产业中的非金属矿、有色金属、钢铁产业在边境碳调节政策影响下,面临来自日本和亚洲其他国家的竞争压力,双方的碳泄漏和产业竞争力呈现此消彼长的动态变化。在我国碳市场建设过程中,边境碳调节政策与拍卖相结合,有利于在实现碳减排目标和维护产业竞争力之间实现平衡。     

Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States1

Tobin, Kenneth J. and Marvin E. Bennett, 2012. Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 221‐234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00604.x Abstract: The precipitation science community has expressed concern regarding the ability of satellite‐based precipitation products to accurately capture rainfall values over land. There has been some work that has focused on addressing the deficiencies of satellite precipitation products, particularly on the adjustment of bias. This article outlines a methodology that adjusts satellite products utilizing ground‐based precipitation data. The approach is not a simple bias adjustment, but is a three‐step process that transforms a satellite product based on a ground‐based precipitation product (NEXRAD‐derived Multisensor Precipitation Estimator [MPE] product or rain‐gauge data). The developed methodology was successfully applied to seven moderate‐to‐large sized watersheds from continental United States (CONUS) and northern Mexico over a spectrum of climatic regimes ranging from dry to humid settings. Methodology validation is based on comparison of observed and simulated streamflow generated with SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model using unadjusted and adjusted precipitation products as input. Streamflow comparison is based on mass balance error and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. Finally, the contribution of how adjustment to correct misses, false alarms, and bias impacts adjusted datasets and the potential impact that the adjustment methodology can have on hydrological applications such as water resource monitoring and flood prediction are explored.     

超声处理与碱性调节的组合强化低挥发分城市污泥水解酸化

为提高低挥发分城市污泥水解酸化的效率,采用超声处理与碱性调节组合的手段强化水解酸化过程,探讨组合的方式、条件及其作用效果。通过先进行碱性调节再超声处理与先超声处理再进行碱性调节2种组合方式下的6种组合条件,分析水解酸化过程SCOD、VFAs、氮、磷的变化情况。实验结果表明,2种组合方式的各条件均可促进污泥水解酸化;超声处理后即调pH为9.5的组合条件较其他组合条件更有利于有机质的转化和VFAs的产生,SCOD的转化率达到20.46%,VSS可降低约40%,在5 d水解酸化过程中污泥水解酸化液HAc/VFAs均高于50%,VFAs最高达1 072.51 mg/L;而各组合条件对水解酸化过程中氮磷的释放影响不大。研究指出,超声处理后即进行碱性调节的组合条件能显著强化低挥发分城市污泥的水解酸化效果。     

珠海发电厂脱硫改造及其运行调整

介绍珠海发电厂2×700 MW机组脱硫系统增容及取消旁路的实际改造情况,探讨了脱硫改造后系统运行的相关调整措施,确保了机组的安全、环保运行。     

南京电网规划的不确定性分析及优化调整建议

截至2012年年底,江苏省13个省辖市的500 kV、220 kV等各等级输变电电网规划环评已全面完成,从环保角度对后期输变电项目建设起到了很好的规划与指导作用。结合南京电网“十二五”发展规划环境影响评价,介绍了规划方案中的不确定因素,并给出了规划方案的优化调整建议,为规划环评中规划的不确定性分析及优化调整建议提供了有益的参考。     

牛粪工业化厌氧发酵生产工艺实验研究

针对牛粪的厌氧发酵设计了一套工业化试验装置,该装置是由降流式厌氧滤器(AF)和升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)有机结合的新型动态序批式厌氧发酵系统,在此装置上对影响系统效果的进料浓度、日进料量和污泥回流量 3 个主要参数安排了二次正交同归试验研究,以产气量和 COD 去除率为目标甬数进行了分析,结果表明,系统整体产气效率较高,处理牛粪的产气率最高可达 2.3 L/(L·d),污泥回流量对产气效果的影响明显.在本实验设计的范围内,进料浓度在8.9%,日进料量在 7.2 L/d(相当于 0.15 L/(L·d)),污泥回流比在 25%时产气效果最佳,而进料浓度在 7.6%,日进料量在 6.8 L/d(相当于 0.142 L/(L·d)),污泥回流比大约在 25%时 COD 去除效果最佳.     

Group histories and offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Birth sex ratios were examined for ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Duke University Primate Center. This population provides a long-term database of births under a variety of demographic and management conditions, including two semi-freeranging groups between which males transfer freely and females defend stable territorial boundaries. We examined three hypotheses usually considered in studies of primate sex ratio bias. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that dominant females produce males, local resource competition at the population level (LRC-population) predicts that the dispersing sex (males) will be overproduced in dense populations, and local resource competition among individuals (LRC-individual) predicts that dominant females overproduce the philopatric sex (females). We also examined a fourth hypothesis, local resource enhancement (LRE), which is usually subsumed under LRC-individual in studies of primate sex ratio evolution. LRE predicts that under certain conditions, females will produce the sex that provides later cooperative benefits, such as alliance support for within- or between-group competition. Our data provide support for LRE: females overproduce daughters given prospects of new group formation, either through group fission or threatened expulsion of young mothers. Behavioral data from Duke and also wild populations show that daughters serve mothers as important allies in this context and LRE effects also have been documented in other mammals that experience similar group histories. Nonsignificant trends in the data supported the LRC-population hypothesis, and we suggest that LRC interacts with LRE to explain offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs. Received: 27 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000