REASSEMBLING HETCH HETCHY: WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT O'SHAUGHNESSY DAM1

The Hetch Hetchy System provides San Francisco with most of its water supply. O'Shaughnessy Dam is one component of this system, providing approximately 25 percent of water storage for the Hetch Hetchy System and none of its conveyance. Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam has gained interest for restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley. The water supply feasibility of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam is analyzed by examining alternative water storage and delivery operations for San Francisco using an economic engineering optimization model. This model ignores institutional and political constraints and has perfect hydrologic foresight to explore water supply possibilities through reoperation of other existing reservoirs. The economic benefits of O'Shaughnessy Dam and its alternatives are measured in terms of the quantity of water supplied to San Francisco and agricultural water users, water treatment costs, and hydropower generation. Results suggest there could be little water scarcity if O'Shaughnessy Dam were to be removed, although removal would be costly due to additional water treatment costs and lost hydropower generation.     

单层柱面网壳结构强震作用下抗震性能研究

地震是严重危害人类生命财产的自然灾害 ,但目前工程界对于网壳结构强震下的抗震性能尚缺乏透彻了解。笔者通过对单层柱面网壳典型算例进行三维地震作用下的双重非线性时程分析 ;观察其多项特征响应指标随地震动逐渐增强的变化情况 ;研究其塑性发展过程和破坏特征 ;对单层柱壳强震作用下的破坏机理进行了探讨 ;并在此基础上对不同参数柱壳弹塑性地震响应规律和破坏特征进行了分析和总结。研究表明 ,地震作用下单层柱壳破坏前均经历了一定的塑性发展过程 ,其破坏的真正原因是结构塑性发展和位形变化的交互作用 ,矢宽比较大的柱壳倾向于动力失稳破坏。     

含环向裂纹管道三通的塑性失效载荷

采用弹塑性有限元方法，系统分析了内压载荷下含环向裂纹管道三通的塑性失效载荷。探讨了管道三通塑性失效有限元分析中的建模技术，包括变形参量选取，网格收敛性研究等。给出了塑性失效载荷随裂纹尺寸变化的规律，以及不同裂纹位置(包括肩部和腹部)对三通塑性失效载荷的影响。最后根据有限元数值解建立了简单的塑性失效载荷估算式，研究结果可为下一步含缺陷管件完整性评定提供参考数据。     

岩爆过程释放的能量分析

能量积累与耗散是岩爆机理研究的重要内容之一。以往的研究一般将岩爆过程释放的能量归结为隧道围岩的弹性应变能。分析表明，开挖状态下，围岩可以积蓄的宏观弹性应变能小于岩爆过程释放的总能量。根据理论物理学、结晶学及矿物学相关理论与岩爆特征，岩爆能量应属于破裂面两侧断裂晶体的应变能，并非围岩整体的应变能。岩爆破裂面断裂晶体的应变能是在裂纹到达的瞬间因晶体被拉伸到极限状态而达到最大值并高速释放的，因此，岩爆能量的积累过程是短暂的、瞬时的。岩爆过程释放的能量转化为表面能、动能及热能等形式，而动能是裂纹持续快速扩展的主要驱动力。     

A DECISION THEORY APPROACH TO EARTH DAM CLASSIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: The fact that dams have failed indicates that there is still a risk involved, in spite of the major effort to ensure reliability. In seeking ways to reduce the risk, all aspects of the design, construction, monitoring, inspection, and rehabilitation of earth dams should be examined. Because dam classification is a central element, ways of minimizing uncertainty associated with classification need to be considered. A Bayesian approach to classification has numerous advantages over existing methods of earth dam classification because it directly evaluates the effects of uncertainties. A framework for incorporating Bayesian decision theory into the classification process is presented.     

A HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT MODEL OF THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FOR WATER RESOURCES STUDIES1

ABSTRACT: A one-dimensional hydraulic transient model has been designed for water resource studies of Lake Ontario and the Upper St. Lawrence River. The model simulates water surface profiles and flows in the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam under both open water and ice-covered conditions. Errors in water surface elevations were found to be less than 0.2 feet during quasi-steady conditions on the river. Comparable errors occurred during the ice-covered conditions. A sensitivity analysis found the model to be most sensitive to the roughness coefficients and the flow through the power dam.     

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO DAM REMOVAL: THE MANATAWNY CREEK STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Dam removal has been proposed as an effective method of river restoration, but few integrative studies have examined ecological responses to the removal of dams. In 1999, we initiated an interdisciplinary study to determine ecological responses to the removal of a 2 m high dam on lower Manatawny Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used an integrative monitoring program to assess the physical, chemical, and biological responses to dam removal. Following removal in 2000, increased sediment transport has led to major changes in channel form in the former impoundment and downstream reaches. Water quality did not change markedly following removal, probably because of the impoundment's short hydraulic residence time (less than two hours at base flow) and infrequent temperature stratification. When the impoundment was converted to a free flowing reach, the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in this portion of Manatawny Creek shifted dramatically from lentic to lotic taxa. Some fish species inhabiting the free flowing reach downstream from the dam were negatively affected by large scale sediment transport and habitat alteration following dam removal, but this appears to be a short term response. Based on our observations and experiences in this study, we provide a list of issues to evaluate when considering future dam removals.     

高温油泵机械密封故障分析及改造

对GA123A泵的高温波纹管式机械密封的失效原因进行了分析。证实热油泵的密封故障是由于波纹管内侧水垢和积碳引起。针对现场实际，从安全、环保的角度对机械密封的机构和辅助系统进行了改进。     

选矿项目环评中需要关注的几个问题

随着选矿项目的急剧增加，选矿项目的污染已成为公众关心的问题，受到政府管理部门的高度重视。根据选矿项目尾矿沙产生量较大的实际情况，文中着重介绍了在环评中重点评价尾矿库选址、尾矿库容计算和尾矿坝的设计施工。为环境管理部门决策提供了技术支持。     

动车组关键板卡失效分析与预防措施

目的 对动车组关键板卡进行失效分析,并提出预防改进措施.方法 通过对动车组运用过程中的环境分析,确定影响板卡性能的主要因素为温度与湿度应力.为缩短试验周期,设计恒温恒湿加速应力试验,快速暴露板卡及其元器件的薄弱环节.试验中受应力影响,板卡与元器件发生了不同程度的失效.通过对失效部件的物理化学性能进行分析,对板卡的使用环境与分析方法提出建议.结果 动车组板卡在高温高湿环境下的失效模式为电性能故障,由于密封不良,电感表面有纤毛和白色附着物,工作时温度过热导致漆包膜破损,从而使电感失效,焊点、PCB基材与三防漆未检测到失效老化.结论 电感、MOS管、电解电容等元器件受温湿度应力影响较大,且板卡的密封与使用环境也影响着板卡的使用寿命,日常使用应注重散热与密封.通过该项目研究为板卡失效预防提供了可行方法.