高等学校危险化学品安全管理探讨

危险化学品是高等学校各学科领域在教学、科研过程中广泛使用的实验用品.因其具有易燃、易爆、易中毒、腐蚀性等特点,容易发生安全事故,是高等学校实验室安全管理工作的一个重要内容.结合我校危险化学品的一些管理措施,从四方面论述了高等学校如何切实做好危险化学品的安全管理工作.     

重大危险源的安全监控

针对如何辨识重大危险源,以及GB18218-2000<重大危险源辨识>标准中存在不适宜的情况进行了探讨,提出了重大危险源的识别、监控办法.     

基于CAESARⅡ的埋地输油管道热煨弯头 危险角度及安全防护措施分析

输油管道危险角度范围的热煨弯头容易产生应力集中,导致弯头失效,因此有必要探讨热煨弯头的危险角度。利用CAESARⅡ软件,采用 建立管道与土壤相互作用模型的方法,以阿赛线埋地输油管道增输改造项目为例,对其中埋地热煨弯头进行数值计算,通过模拟分析可知,阿 赛线水平和纵向热煨弯头危险角度集中在20°~40°范围内,采用两侧不回填的方式释放管道对弯头的推力效果明显,而调整管道曲率半径对减 小弯头应力效果不明显,因此应减少危险角度范围的热煨弯头使用,并采用不回填的方式减小弯头应力。     

危险化学品运输槽罐车清洗污染物的综合处理

危险化学品运输槽罐车在清洗过程中会产生洗车废水、含油废水、有机废水以及甲醇、苯乙烯等废气。废气经过吸附处理和等离子氧化的方法处理后,其浓度和TVOC指标分别达到GB14554-93《恶臭污染物排放标准》和GB/T18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》。洗车废水采用混凝-斜板沉淀-过滤工艺处理,含油废水采用平流斜板隔油池-气浮池-砂滤柱组合工艺处理,上述两类废水经处理后的相关指标均达GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准》的要求,可直接回用于车辆清洗;有机废水采用白土活性污泥法-厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池组合工艺,出水COD去除率达90.7%,符合GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

The U.S. Experience in Promoting Sustainable Chemistry (9 pp)

- Sustainable chemistry - Section editors: Klaus Günter Steinhäuser, Steffi Richter, Petra Greiner, Jutta Penning, Michael AngrickBackground, Aim and Scope Recent developments in European chemicals policy, including the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) proposal, provide a unique opportunity to examine the U.S. experience in promoting sustainable chemistry as well as the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies. Indeed, the problems of industrial chemicals and limitations in current regulatory approaches to address chemical risks are strikingly similar on both sides of the Atlantic. We provide an overview of the U.S. regulatory system for chemicals management and its relationship to efforts promoting sustainable chemistry. We examine federal and state and examine lessons learned from this system that can be applied to developing more integrated, sustainable approaches to chemicals management.Main Features There is truly no one U.S. chemicals policy, but rather a series of different un-integrated policies at the federal, regional, state and local levels. While centerpiece U.S. Chemicals Policy, the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, has resulted in the development of a comprehensive, efficient rapid screening process for new chemicals, agency action to manage existing chemicals has been very limited. The agency, however, has engaged in a number of successful, though highly underfunded, voluntary data collection, pollution prevention, and sustainable design programs that have been important motivators for sustainable chemistry. Policy innovation in the establishment of numerous state level initiatives on persistent and bioaccumulative toxics, chemical restrictions and toxics use reduction have resulted in pressure on the federal government to augment its efforts.Results and Conclusions It is clear that data collection on chemical risks and phase-outs of the most egregious chemicals alone will not achieve the goals of sustainable chemistry. These alone will also not internalize the cultural and institutional changes needed to ensure that design and implementation of safer chemicals, processes, and products are the focus of the future. Thus, a more holistic approach of ‘carrots and sticks’ – that involves not just chemical producers but those who use and purchase chemicals is necessary. Some important lessons of the US experience in chemicals management include: (1) the need for good information on chemicals flows, toxic risks, and safer substances.; (2) the need for comprehensive planning processes for chemical substitution and reduction to avoid risk trade-offs and ensure product quality; (3) the need for technical and research support to firms for innovation in safer chemistry; and (4) the need for rapid screening processes and tools for comparison of alternative chemicals, materials, and products.     

Is Multilateralism the Future? Sustainable Development or Globalisation as ‘A Comprehensive Vision of the Future of Humanity’

This paper provides an overall evaluation of the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), which took place in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4 September 2002, in a historical perspective, against the background of earlier major United Nations conferences and General Assembly resolutions on environment and development. It focuses on the political and institutional context of the WSSD and its preparatory process and explores its policy implications for future international cooperation on sustainable development in a globalizing world. Both the results of the formal intergovernmental negotiations and the new phenomenon of partnerships for sustainable development between governments, international organizations, the private sector and other major groups are analysed. The Johannesburg Declaration and the WSSD Plan of Implementation are shown to contain little in the way of political vision, credible new commitments and innovative approaches, likely to reinvigorate the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development as formulated in Rio. Though ostensibly designed to give a new political impetus to multilateralism, the WSSD rather revealed the inadequacy of intergovernmental political governance structures to address the social and environmental consequences of economic globalization.     

昆明市危险废物现状及控制对策

昆明市1998年危险废物产生量为133345t，涉及34种类别。在目前的管理中存在机构不健全、监督执法力度弱、法规不完善等方面的问题，应积极采取相应措施，特别是要健全法规，完善管理体系，加强基础设施建设，最终使危险废物的管理和处理工作走上正轨。     

Prey chemical discrimination and strike-induced chemosensory searching in the lizardLiolaemus zapallarensis

Summary Experimental tests were conducted to determine whether the ambush foraging iguanian lizard,Liolaemus zapallarensis, was capable of discriminating prey chemicals from control substances and whether this lizard exhibits strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) or its components after biting prey. The two components of SICS are a poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF) and apparent searching movements for relocation of prey that has been bitten, but released or escaped.Liolaemus zapallarensis failed to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances, but exhibited significant PETF lasting one minute. SICS was absent inL. zapallarensis because no post-strike movements were observed. The absence of both prey chemical discrimination and SICS exhibited byL. zapallarensis is common to all the insectivorous iguanians and ambush foraging lizards studied to date. However,L. zapallarensis is the first insectivorous iguanian species shown to exhibit PETF. The results suggest thatL. zapallarensis does not use the tongue for detection, identification, or relocation of prey while foraging. The possibility does remain thatL. zapallarensis may be capable of chemically identifying prey once the prey stimuli reach the oral cavity.     

工业危险源仿真预警技术

概述了应用数字仿真技术于液化天然气风险评价、蒸汽云爆炸后果预测以及液氨储罐泄漏监控预警系统等的国内外研究与发展现状，给出了计算机仿真结果和现场实测数据之间的对比曲线。