浅析环境因子对城市缓流水体底泥磷释放的影响

水体富营养是当今世界面临的一个严重环境问题.造成富营养化的限制因子主要是氮和磷,尤其是磷.对于大多数外源磷得到控制的水体来说,底泥磷的释放对长期维持藻类生长,促进水体富营养化的发展具有举足轻重的作用.但是,底泥对磷的释放与吸收是有条件的,它受到多种因素的影响.在此采用实验模拟的方法,考察温度、pH值、扰动、溶解氧、不同深度、覆盖等环境因子对底泥磷释放的影响,进行初步为城市缓流水体富营养化的防治及治理积累基础资料和信息.     

高浓度有机氰废水污染成因

广泛查阅国内外有关有机氰废水资料，结合大量现场调研，针对高浓度有机氰废水难生化处理的现状，全面研究了有机氰废水及主要污染物的特性，详细分析了高浓度有机氰废水污染成因。     

Exploring the abundance and influencing factors of antimicrobial resistance genes in manure plasmidome from swine farms

Plasmids play a critical role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), however, a systematical understanding of ARGs originated from plasmids in swine production is currently lacking. Herein, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the prevalence of ten ARGs and the class1 integron gene intI1 of plasmid source in swine manure from 44 farms in Sichuan, Hubei and Hebei provinces, China. All assayed ARGs were observed in plasmid DNA samples, and the average absolute abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla_NDM, bla_CTX-M, optrA, ermB, floR, mcr-1, qnrS, tetM, sul1 and intI1 were 7.09, 2.90, 4.67, 6.62, 7.55, 7.14, 4.08, 4.85, 7.16, 7.11 and 8.07 of 10 log copies/gram, respectively. IntI1 showed a high correlation (r > 0.8, P < 0.01) with the abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr and sul1 in swine manure. Moreover, the farm scale (i.e., herd population) and geographical location were not found to be critical factors influencing the absolute abundance of ARGs of plasmid DNA in swine farms. However, the concentrations of florfenicol, Cu, Zn, Fe, total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) demonstrated a significant correlation with the abundance of several ARGs. Particularly, Cu and Zn had high correlations with optrA and bla_CTX-M, respectively. Our results demonstrated that antibiotics, heavy metals and environmental nutrients are likely jointly contributing to the long-term persistence of ARGs in swine production. This study provides insights into the abundance and influencing factors of ARGs from swine manure, which is of significance for assessing and reducing the public health risks in livestock production.     

黄河中游水保措施对入黄干支流泥沙特性的影响:Ⅰ. 泥沙粒径变化

过去关于水土保持措施影响的研究多侧重于减水减沙的影响,对泥沙组成影响的研究则相对较少。本文以大量的实测资料为依据,以河口至龙门间区域自然与水土保持条件为背景,将水保措施类型、河道水流泥沙条件与流域地貌条件结合考虑,借助统计分析方法对采用水保措施前后该区域（尤其是与黄河中游水土流失密切相关的黄土高原与沙砾丘陵区域）的泥沙粒径分布变化进行了探讨。分析表明,泥沙粒径分布变化极其复杂,对应于不同地貌类型条件的泥沙组成遵循不同的分布规律。黄土丘陵区河流中的悬移质泥沙级配服从正态分布规律,而沙砾丘陵区河流中的泥沙级配则服从皮Ⅲ型分布规律。当分布函数的类型确定后,泥沙粒径分布由该分布函数的几个参数共同决定,这些参数分别反映了泥沙从流域表层搬运到对应级别河流的过程中地貌形态及水土保持措施的影响。文中由多学科综合研究得到的结论,对黄河中游水土保持效益研究具有重要意义。     

Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts(e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with intemational guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, lifecycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the sciencebased decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing wodd and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.     

福州港液货危险品码头安全，防污染管理对策

液货危险品码头的安全与防污染管理水平高低直接关系到港口、码头、水域的安全。文中着重福州港对该类码头是如何进行管理，目前主要存在的主要问题及对策。     

基于MAIB事故报告的人为失误灰色关联分析

人为失误作为海上交通事故的主要原因,受到多种因素的影响。为了识别这些影响因素,避免或减少因人为失误导致的海上交通事故,基于96件英国海事调查委员会(MAIB)事故报告,应用熵加权灰色关联分析,分别按船旗国、船舶类型、事故类型计算人为失误与影响因素之间的关联度。结果表明,能力/技能/知识、团队协作、程序和现行规程、设备、交流(内部和外部)和管理/检验/检查是影响人为失误的主要因素。     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的机场安检危险品数量预测

机场安检的危险品数量具有动态、随机、非线性等特点,传统的GM(1,1)模型无法对其作出准确的预测。利用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2014年1—5月所查获的危险品数量进行计算、检验,并对6—8月的危险品数量进行预测。首先建立危险品数量的GM(1,1)模型,然后再对其预测值进行修正,结果表明,灰色马尔科夫模型的平均相对误差比灰色预测模型的平均相对误差减小了25.18%,表明灰色马尔科夫模型比单一的灰色预测模型的精度高,该模型是有效可行的,可为航空公司6—8月将要查获的危险品数量预测提供理论基础,以便引起相关部门的高度重视,并采取相应措施以保障旅客安全。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of illegal dumping sites in the nature protected area: the Ojców National Park,Poland

The existence of illegal dumping continues to be a worldwide problem, even in nature protected areas, and its distribution is not random. An understanding of the distribution of illegal dumping sites is crucial for the enhancement of effective waste management systems. Therefore, this study aims at a better understanding of spatial and temporal changes to illegal dumping sites in a nature protected area (the Ojców National Park) from 1994 to 2016. The most important spatial factors that control the distribution of illegal dumping sites were the distance from roads and from the field-forest edge. In the last two decades, the number of small dumping sites has increased, whereas the number of large illegal dumping sites has decreased. Moreover, this study presents a model of the potential occurrence of illegal dumping sites, which indicates places that should be under the control of the national park and of local authorities.     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属污染影响因素分析——基于STIRPAT模型

为探究人类活动对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属污染的影响,于2017年10月在鄱阳湖入口、出口及湖区布设20个采样点位,开展鄱阳湖沉积物重金属表层及垂向分布特征调查,评价其潜在生态风险.利用¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb计年法推算出鄱阳湖沉积物的平均沉积速率,并结合柱状分层样品重金属含量,得出具体年代的重金属蓄积特性.基于STIRPAT模型,通过偏最小二乘回归分析得到鄱阳湖沉积物重金属演变与总人口数量、城镇化率、实际人均GDP、绿色专利申请数、第二产业占比、第三产业占比6种社会经济指标的多元非线性模型.结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖表层沉积物重金属Cu污染最为严重且生态风险程度最高, 地累积指数为“强”或“中-强”污染范畴,单因子潜在生态风险指数平均值为47.25,属于“中等”生态风险.整个湖区的总潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为107.07,表明鄱阳湖表层沉积物重金属总体处于低生态危害水平.（2）1988~2017年总人口数量是影响鄱阳湖沉积物重金属Cd和Cu污染的最主要正向因素,其他正向因素为第二产业占比、第三产业占比、城镇化率及实际人均GDP,绿色专利申请数所反映出的区域绿色技术创新能力及环保研发投入对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属Cd、Cu污染具有负相关关系.