Crashes of novice teenage drivers: characteristics and contributing factors

OBJECTIVE: The initial months of licensure are especially hazardous for teenagers. Factors leading to crashes of novice 16-year-old drivers were identified. METHOD: Sixteen year-olds in Connecticut who were involved in nonfatal crashes during the first 8 months of licensure were interviewed, and police crash reports were examined. Crash types and contributing factors were identified. RESULTS: Three-fourths of the crash-involved teenagers were at fault. Their crashes resulted primarily when they ran off the road, rear ended another vehicle, or collided with another vehicle that had the right-of-way. Three factors contributed about equally to their crashes: failing to detect another vehicle or traffic control, speeding, and losing control of the vehicle or sliding. Slippery roads also were an important factor. Most failures to detect another vehicle or traffic control involved not looking thoroughly, distraction, or inattention. DISCUSSION: Based on the findings, potential countermeasures for reducing crashes of novice teenage drivers include adequate practice driving, in-vehicle monitoring devices, and electronic stability control. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: More than half of the nonfatal, at-fault crashes of newly licensed 16-year-old drivers involved more than one contributing factor including speed, loss of control, and slippery roads. Efforts to reduce teenage crashes should focus on these factors.     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.     

我国危险化学品企业搬迁方案研究

概要地对我国现有危险化学品企业安全防护距离不足的现状进行分析,提出危险化学品企业搬迁工作实施的基本原则,探讨危险化学品企业搬迁范围的确定、厂址的解决、资金的分配、政策的制定和长效机制的建立等问题。建议搬迁企业在政府的统一规划下,坚持以人为本,坚持安全生产和可持续发展的原则,在搬迁中提高技术含量和社会形象,增强市场竞争力。针对我国危险化学品企业的特点提出了一套搬迁方案和步骤。论文的研究成果将为各地政府指导当地危险化学品企业进行科学规划,对待搬迁的危险化学品企业实现安全有效搬迁及健康发展提供了有益参考。     

人工湿地基质除磷研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地磷去除的主要方式,除磷效果不仅受基质自身物理化学性质的影响,还受水力条件、磷负荷、pH值、季节、温度、有机负荷、溶解氧、干湿交替等因素的影响。本文较系统分析了湿地基质除磷的作用机理和基质除磷效率的影响因素,最后对今后研究的方向进行了展望。     

新型除磷混凝剂的研制与应用＊

实验以处理金属表面所产生的磷化废水为研究对象,系统地分析了在新型混凝剂的使用过程中,pH值、温度、石灰投入量、沉降时间、助剂A等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,含磷量为18mg/L、COD为300mg/L、SS为150mg/L、pH值为5.7～6.5的废水,石灰投入量为300mg/L、沉降时间为10min左右、温度为25℃、pH值调节至9.0、加入5mL助剂A处理后,废水中磷含量为0.25～0.35mg/L、COD为80mg/L、SS为60mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测点位、监测因子及监测频次的确定

概述了建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测点位的布设、监测因子的选择及监测频次的确定。     

武汉市城区空气质量特征及控制对策分析

以武汉市近6年空气污染物浓度数据为基础,分析了城区空气质量特征.武汉市近6年空气污染指数年均值均小于100;年优良天气频率介于60%-75%,逐月天气优良频率以秋、冬两季较低,春、夏两季较高;SO2、NO2均符合国家空气质量二级标准,空气质量总体状况良好.但可吸入颗粒物年年超标,SO2浓度和酸雨检出率有逐年增高的趋势.同时针对空气污染特征,分析了其影响因素,提出了进一步改善空气质量的基本对策.     

大城市边缘区土地利用时空格局模拟--以武汉市洪山区为例

大城市边缘区的土地利用变化复杂而迅速,采用定量模型对此地域的时空格局进行模拟,在土地规划领域有重大意义。以武汉市洪山区为例,首先采用DPSIR模型对大城市边缘区的工业用地、居住用地、服务设施用地、绿地等进行驱动力机制的定性分析,得出每种用地相应的驱动力、压力和状态;进而采用CLUE S模型,通过用地变化驱动力因子作用权重系数的求解,模拟时段内各类用地的需求分析与用地变化的动态分配过程,对边缘区的用地演变进行模拟;最后通过用地现状图对模拟用地进行验证,模拟结果基本拟合。在模拟的基础之上,设定了两种大城市边缘区空间发展的情景模式,即不作任何空间约束的用地演变和进行可持续发展约束的用地演变,有针对性地提出该区域的发展需要重点保护水体和自然风景区。其方法及成果可为大城市边缘区制定发展管理政策提供科学参考。     

粮食生产的投入产出影响因素分析--基于江苏省粮食生产的实证研究

在对江苏省13个市的粮食生产数据搜集整理的基础上,运用面板数据模型进行了投入产出的影响因素分析。结果显示,土地是影响目前江苏省粮食生产的最主要因素,因此随着城市化进程的不断加快,耕地面积的缩减,粮食产量有下降的趋势;此外,由于技术效率和劳动生产率的提高,出现了在劳动力投入不断下降条件下的粮食产量上升,但是二者表面上的反向关系不应当被简单理解为劳动力对产出弹性的负作用;在农资投入方面,化肥与农业机械动力的投入对于江苏省粮食生产有积极影响。