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881.
Rafael Villasenor Candis Claiborn Brian Lamb Susan ONeill 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36):6479-6491
The Spokane, Washington area is classified as a non-attainment area for the 24-h PM10 standard due to a history of high particulate matter concentrations. A Eulerian regional air quality model (CALMET/CALGRID) has been used to characterize the emission, transport and dispersion of PM10 and PM2.5 in Spokane. Observations from a residential site (Rockwood, RW) and an industrial site (Crown Zellerbach, CZ), spanning July 1994–August 1996 were used to evaluate the current emission inventory. Two major tasks were devised to conduct the objectives of this investigation. First, a simple and efficient urban dispersion model (WYNDValley) was used to simulate important episodes characterized by the highest PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. The selected episodes included four days with wet conditions for which no roads would have been emitting and seven days with dry conditions for which roads would emit. In the second step, a single road-emitting event was selected from the previous predicted results for further analysis using the Eulerian regional air quality model to examine the emission inventory. The urban and regional models predicted the observed concentration distributions reasonably well for the source emissions inventoried in Spokane. The mass concentrations of PM10 were well predicted for the roads emitting case examined by both models indicating that the emission inventory based primarily upon area sources including roads is reasonably well characterized, at least at the RW site. The area sources around CZ are less well characterized, so that the PM10 concentrations are underpredicted at CZ. The models appear unable to reach an equilibrium mass balance status at the beginning of the simulation, and the urban model seems unable to properly resolve the nocturnal boundary layer. 相似文献
882.
883.
研究了1997~1998年及1999和2000年春季大亚湾日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)种群动态及其与环境因子之间的关系.日本星杆藻是大亚湾浮游植物常见优势种类,可在全年温度范围(14~32.8℃)内形成数量高峰,并发生水华.日本星杆藻在1998年和2000年春季不常出现,但1999年春丰富的营养盐含量及它们之间合适的比值、多变的水温、稳定的盐度和晴朗的天气使日本星杆藻迅速生长,并发生了水华,最高细胞密度达5255cells/mL.水华消耗了大量的营养,水华期间DIN、DIP和Dsi分别下降了76.0%、69.7%和58.8%,而且营养元素的消耗特别是DIN的耗尽是水华消退的重要原因,而桡足类等浮游动物摄食也是水华消退的原因之一. 相似文献
884.
The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15 EUDC driving cycle usually take the lowest value and with real wodd driving cycle occur the highest value, and different driving cycles will lead to significantly different vehicle emission factors with the same vehicle. Relative to the ECE15 EUDC driving cycle, the increasing rate of pollutant emission factors of CO, NOx and HC are - 0.42--2.99, - 0.32--0.81 and - 0.11--11 with FTP75 testing, 0.11--1.29, - 0.77--0.64 and 0.47--10.50 with Beijing 1997 testing and 0.25--1.83, 0.09--0.75 and - 0.58--1.50 with real wodd testing. Compared to the carburetor vehicles, the retrofit and MPI TWC vehicles‘ pollution emission factors decrease with different degree. The retrofit vehicle (Santana) will reduce 4.44%--58.44% CO, - 4.95%--36.79% NOx, -32.32%--33.89% HC, and -9.39%--14.29% fuel consumption, and especially that the MPI TWC vehicle will decrease CO by 82.48%--91.76%, NOx by 44.87%--92.79%, HC by 90.00%--93.89% and fuel consumption by 5.44%--10.55%. Vehicles can cause pollution at a very high rate when operated in high power modes; however, they may not often operate in these high power modes. In analyzing vehicle emissions, it describes the fraction of time that vehicles operate in various power modes. In Beijing, vehicles spend 90% of their operation in low power modes or decelerating. 相似文献
885.
886.
城市污水生化处理水UV/O3法深度处理效果及影响因素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究城市污水生化处理水的深度处理技术及其影响因素,对于减轻环境污染和实现废水回用具有重要理论意义和实用价值。考察了UV/O3法对城市污水生化处理水深度处理的效果及其影响因素。结果表明,由于UV/O3过程具有氧化能力强,反应无选择性等优点,使其在城市污水生化处理水深度处理方面较普通O3氧化更具有优势,50min时CODCr去除率达到90%以上,达到了深度处理的目的。对于难氧化有机物,UV/O3法处理时几乎大部分都被氧化分解残留量很少,而O3法处理时仍有较多难氧化有机物残留。UV/O3法处理城市污水生化处理水时,在pH=6~9时,CODCr去除率随pH的升高而降低,表明较低pH(pH=5)有利CODCr的去除。有机污泥对CODCr去除率基本没有影响。但无机悬浮物SiO2对CODCr去除率影响较大,投加70mg/L的SiO2后CODCr氧化速率和去除率有较明显下降。随溶液碱度的增加,CODCr的去除率下降,碱度越高对CODCr去除的影响也越明显。 相似文献
887.
The theory behind,and the challenges of,conserving nature's stage in a time of rapid change 下载免费PDF全文
Joshua J. Lawler David D. Ackerly Christine M. Albano Mark G. Anderson Solomon Z. Dobrowski Jacquelyn L. Gill Nicole E. Heller Robert L. Pressey Eric W. Sanderson Stuart B. Weiss 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):618-629
Most conservation planning to date has focused on protecting today's biodiversity with the assumption that it will be tomorrow's biodiversity. However, modern climate change has already resulted in distributional shifts of some species and is projected to result in many more shifts in the coming decades. As species redistribute and biotic communities reorganize, conservation plans based on current patterns of biodiversity may fail to adequately protect species in the future. One approach for addressing this issue is to focus on conserving a range of abiotic conditions in the conservation‐planning process. By doing so, it may be possible to conserve an abiotically diverse “stage” upon which evolution will play out and support many actors (biodiversity). We reviewed the fundamental underpinnings of the concept of conserving the abiotic stage, starting with the early observations of von Humboldt, who mapped the concordance of abiotic conditions and vegetation, and progressing to the concept of the ecological niche. We discuss challenges posed by issues of spatial and temporal scale, the role of biotic drivers of species distributions, and latitudinal and topographic variation in relationships between climate and landform. For example, abiotic conditions are not static, but change through time—albeit at different and often relatively slow rates. In some places, biotic interactions play a substantial role in structuring patterns of biodiversity, meaning that patterns of biodiversity may be less tightly linked to the abiotic stage. Furthermore, abiotic drivers of biodiversity can change with latitude and topographic position, meaning that the abiotic stage may need to be defined differently in different places. We conclude that protecting a diversity of abiotic conditions will likely best conserve biodiversity into the future in places where abiotic drivers of species distributions are strong relative to biotic drivers, where the diversity of abiotic settings will be conserved through time, and where connectivity allows for movement among areas providing different abiotic conditions. 相似文献
888.
为得出矩形巷道围岩应力空间分布特征,将复变函数理论推导得出的曲线坐标应力分量转换为巷道所在平面的直角坐标应力分量,采用Matlab软件对巷道应力特征点的空间数据进行分析,得出了巷道围岩应力场分布直观图。并考虑了侧压系数、高宽比及巷道断面尺寸等对围岩应力场的影响,结果表明,应力峰值随侧压系数的增大而增大。应力峰值出现在矩形巷道的四角上,与侧压系数、高宽比、巷道断面面积无关。侧压系数大于1时,顶底板水平应力和最大主应力均随侧压系数增大而增大,两帮垂直应力随侧压系数增大而减小;垂直应力峰值、两帮垂直应力随高宽比增加而减小,顶底板的水平应力和最大主应力随高宽比增加而增加。围岩应力变化规律与巷道断面面积无关。 相似文献
889.
2012年3月、6月、9月和12月按季度对涪江支流老河沟的14个样点进行了鱼类群落结构调查和分析。共采集鱼类11种,隶属于2目4科;其中,鲤形目鱼类7种,占物种数的63.64%。沿上游源头到下游的纵向梯度方向,老河沟鱼类的种类数和丰度均逐渐增加,具极显著性差异,而鱼类种类数和丰度则无季节差异性。聚类分析(Cluster Analysis)和多维尺度分析(MDS)表明,当Bray-curtis相似度矩阵值为40.77%时,老河沟鱼类群落分成上游、中游和下游3组。利用相似度百分比分析(SIMPER)确定,引起3组差异性的特定鱼类是宽鳍鱲、尖头、似()、齐口裂腹鱼、贝氏高原鳅、红尾荷马条鳅和青石爬鮡。典型相关分析(CCA)表明海拔、底质类型、流速、溶氧、总溶解固体、水温、电导率、河宽、pH值和水深等环境变量是老河沟鱼类群落时空格局差异的影响因子。 相似文献
890.
四川省不同类型山洪灾害与主要影响因素的关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以四川省为例,在明确溪河洪水及其引发的滑坡、泥石流三类山洪灾害分布格局的基础上,构建概念模型,分析降雨、地形、人口资产易损性等引发山洪灾害的基本因子和土壤、河网密度、土地利用等一般因子对不同类型山洪灾害的影响程度,并比较它们的异同。结果表明:(1)四川省山洪灾害主要分布在盆周山区、川西高原和横断山脉一带;(2)如果3项基本因子可以解释山洪灾害空间分布100%的变化,则它们对三类灾害的影响程度分别为:溪河洪水,降雨59%、地形28%、人口资产13%;泥石流,降雨15%、地形73%、人口资产12%;滑坡,降雨48%、地形34%、人口资产18%;(3)总体上,泥石流灾害对地形、岩性、土地利用等下垫面因子的依赖更高,而溪河洪水和滑坡灾害受降雨要素的影响更大。 相似文献