全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1789篇 |
免费 | 209篇 |
国内免费 | 138篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 363篇 |
废物处理 | 15篇 |
环保管理 | 484篇 |
综合类 | 643篇 |
基础理论 | 222篇 |
污染及防治 | 46篇 |
评价与监测 | 186篇 |
社会与环境 | 96篇 |
灾害及防治 | 81篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 60篇 |
2021年 | 87篇 |
2020年 | 63篇 |
2019年 | 75篇 |
2018年 | 53篇 |
2017年 | 94篇 |
2016年 | 111篇 |
2015年 | 67篇 |
2014年 | 79篇 |
2013年 | 106篇 |
2012年 | 106篇 |
2011年 | 121篇 |
2010年 | 77篇 |
2009年 | 104篇 |
2008年 | 63篇 |
2007年 | 128篇 |
2006年 | 100篇 |
2005年 | 65篇 |
2004年 | 60篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 48篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 47篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 18篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2136条查询结果,搜索用时 187 毫秒
81.
基于面板数据的土地投入对经济增长的影响-以浙江省为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用生产函数与面板数据回归模型相结合的研究手段,以地处经济发达地区的浙江省为实证研究区域对土地要素投入对经济增长的影响进行了定量的研究。研究结果表明:(1)就规模效应而言,浙江省的经济增长处于规模报酬不变的发展阶段;(2)浙江省经济增长对劳动力要素的投入最为敏感,其中土地要素、劳动力要素和资本要素增加1个单位的投入量对经济增长的推动为 0.247 3、0.538 5 和 0.321 6;(3)固定资产投入在研究期间是浙江省经济增长的主要推动力,其贡献率达到6823%,而劳动力要素与土地要素则分别为2346%和625%;(4)浙江省土地利用不够集约,在研究期间土地要素对经济增长的影响能被资本要素与劳动力要素有效替代,而劳动力要素则难以被资本投入与土地投入有效替代,劳动集约型产业应该成为浙江省未来发展方向之一。 相似文献
82.
Modelling land cover change from existing land cover maps is a vital requirement for anyone wishing to understand how the landscape may change in the future. In order to test any land cover change model, existing data must be used. However, often it is not known which data should be applied to the problem, or whether relationships exist within and between complex datasets. Here we have developed and tested a model that applied evolutionary processes to Bayesian networks. The model was developed and tested on a dataset containing land cover information and environmental data, in order to show that decisions about which datasets should be used could be made automatically. Bayesian networks are amenable to evolutionary methods as they can be easily described using a binary string to which crossover and mutation operations can be applied. The method, developed to allow comparison with standard Bayesian network development software, was proved capable of carrying out a rapid and effective search of the space of possible networks in order to find an optimal or near-optimal solution for the selection of datasets that have causal links with one another. Comparison of land cover mapping in the North-East of Scotland was made with a commercial Bayesian software package, with the evolutionary method being shown to provide greater flexibility in its ability to adapt to incorporate/utilise available evidence/knowledge and develop effective and accurate network structures, at the cost of requiring additional computer programming skills. The dataset used to develop the models included GIS-based data taken from the Land Cover for Scotland 1988 (LCS88), Land Capability for Forestry (LCF), Land Capability for Agriculture (LCA), the soil map of Scotland and additional climatic variables. 相似文献
83.
Uncertainty plays an important role in water quality management problems. The major sources of uncertainty in a water quality management problem are the random nature of hydrologic variables and imprecision (fuzziness) associated with goals of the dischargers and pollution control agencies (PCA). Many Waste Load Allocation (WLA) problems are solved by considering these two sources of uncertainty. Apart from randomness and fuzziness, missing data in the time series of a hydrologic variable may result in additional uncertainty due to partial ignorance. These uncertainties render the input parameters as imprecise parameters in water quality decision making. In this paper an Imprecise Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (IFWLAM) is developed for water quality management of a river system subject to uncertainty arising from partial ignorance. In a WLA problem, both randomness and imprecision can be addressed simultaneously by fuzzy risk of low water quality. A methodology is developed for the computation of imprecise fuzzy risk of low water quality, when the parameters are characterized by uncertainty due to partial ignorance. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to evaluate the imprecise fuzzy risk of low water quality by considering the input variables as imprecise. Fuzzy multiobjective optimization is used to formulate the multiobjective model. The model developed is based on a fuzzy multiobjective optimization problem with max–min as the operator. This usually does not result in a unique solution but gives multiple solutions. Two optimization models are developed to capture all the decision alternatives or multiple solutions. The objective of the two optimization models is to obtain a range of fractional removal levels for the dischargers, such that the resultant fuzzy risk will be within acceptable limits. Specification of a range for fractional removal levels enhances flexibility in decision making. The methodology is demonstrated with a case study of the Tunga–Bhadra river system in India. 相似文献
84.
Jianting Zhu Michael H. Young 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(3):641-653
Abstract: We proposed a step‐by‐step approach to quantify the sensitivity of ground‐water discharge by evapotranspiration (ET) to three categories of independent input variables. To illustrate the approach, we adopt a basic ground‐water discharge estimation model, in which the volume of ground water lost to ET was computed as the product of the ground‐water discharge rate and the associated area. The ground‐water discharge rate was assumed to equal the ET rate minus local precipitation. The objective of this study is to outline a step‐by‐step procedure to quantify the contributions from individual independent variable uncertainties to the uncertainty of total ground‐water discharge estimates; the independent variables include ET rates of individual ET units, areas associated with the ET units, and precipitation in each subbasin. The specific goal is to guide future characterization efforts by better targeting data collection for those variables most responsible for uncertainty in ground‐water discharge estimates. The influential independent variables to be included in the sensitivity analysis are first selected based on the physical characteristics and model structure. Both regression coefficients and standardized regression coefficients for the selected independent variables are calculated using the results from sampling‐based Monte Carlo simulations. Results illustrate that, while as many as 630 independent variables potentially contribute to the calculation of the total annual ground‐water discharge for the case study area, a selection of seven independent variables could be used to develop an accurate regression model, accounting for more than 96% of the total variance in ground‐water discharge. Results indicate that the variability of ET rate for moderately dense desert shrubland contributes to about 75% of the variance in the total ground‐water discharge estimates. These results point to a need to better quantify ET rates for moderately dense shrubland to reduce overall uncertainty in estimates of ground‐water discharge. While the approach proposed here uses a basic ground‐water discharge model taken from an earlier study, the procedure of quantifying uncertainty and sensitivity can be generalized to handle other types of environmental models involving large numbers of independent variables. 相似文献
85.
复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因结构敏感性及预防对策研究 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
简要回顾现有复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因理论存在的局限性,根据大量统计资料和经验总结构建事故成因理论的缺陷。该研究试图从分析和推理入手,根据复杂社会技术系统运行机制及事故成因结构敏感性特征,探索由于新技术快速普及应用而不断涌现的复杂社会技术系统的失效机制及事故的成因理论;解释复杂社会技术系统安全事故的严重程度差异性、时间方向性及情境依赖性;为任何因新技术普及应用而产生的人造系统的安全分析及事故预防提供理论和方法支撑。 相似文献
86.
Toscas PJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):379-385
Ammonia is an important water quality variable, which in excess, can be detrimental to waterways and their ecosystems. In
the Ecosystem Health Monitoring Program in South-east Queensland ammonia is monitored monthly, however, often more than 50%
of the ammonia observations in Moreton Bay are below detection limit, making it difficult to draw useful inferences. In this
paper a clipped Gaussian random field is used to spatially model and map the probability of detectable concentration of ammonia.
The methodology is applied to the Moreton Bay samples collected in February 2005. The results suggest that for this month
the oceanic impacted areas have higher probability of detectable ammonia concentration than the areas closer to the main sources
of anthropogenic inputs. 相似文献
87.
Using Multi-Scale Sampling and Spatial Cross-Correlation to Investigate Patterns of Plant Species Richness 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Land managers need better techniques to assess exoticplant invasions. We used the cross-correlationstatistic, I
YZ, to test for the presence ofspatial cross-correlation between pair-wisecombinations of soil characteristics, topographicvariables, plant species richness, and cover ofvascular plants in a 754 ha study site in RockyMountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Using 25 largeplots (1000 m2) in five vegetation types, 8 of 12variables showed significant spatial cross-correlationwith at least one other variable, while 6 of 12variables showed significant spatial auto-correlation. Elevation and slope showed significant spatialcross-correlation with all variables except percentcover of native and exotic species. Percent cover ofnative species had significant spatialcross-correlations with soil variables, but not withexotic species. This was probably because of thepatchy distributions of vegetation types in the studyarea. At a finer resolution, using data from ten1 m2 subplots within each of the 1000 m2 plots, allvariables showed significant spatial auto- andcross-correlation. Large-plot sampling was moreaffected by topographic factors than speciesdistribution patterns, while with finer resolutionsampling, the opposite was true. However, thestatistically and biologically significant spatialcorrelation of native and exotic species could only bedetected with finer resolution sampling. We foundexotic plant species invading areas with high nativeplant richness and cover, and in fertile soils high innitrogen, silt, and clay. Spatial auto- andcross-correlation statistics, along with theintegration of remotely sensed data and geographicinformation systems, are powerful new tools forevaluating the patterns and distribution of native andexotic plant species in relation to landscape structure. 相似文献
88.
89.
Pesch R Pehlke H Jerosch K Schröder W Schlüter M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,136(1-3):313-325
In this article a concept is described in order to predict and map the occurrence of benthic communities within and near the
German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Sea. The approach consists of two work steps: (1) geostatistical analysis
of abiotic measurement data and (2) calculation of benthic provinces by means of Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
and GIS-techniques. From bottom water measurements on salinity, temperature, silicate and nutrients as well as from punctual
data on grain size ranges (0–20, 20–63, 63–2,000 μ) raster maps were calculated by use of geostatistical methods. At first
the autocorrelation structure was examined and modelled with help of variogram analysis. The resulting variogram models were
then used to calculate raster maps by applying ordinary kriging procedures. After intersecting these raster maps with punctual
data on eight benthic communities a decision tree was derived to predict the occurrence of these communities within the study
area. Since such a CART tree corresponds to a hierarchically ordered set of decision rules it was applied to the geostatistically
estimated raster data to predict benthic habitats within and near the EEZ. 相似文献
90.