Situational awareness and safety

This paper considers the applicability of situation awareness concepts to safety in the control of complex systems. Much of the research to date has been conducted in aviation, which has obvious safety implications. It is argued that the concepts could be extended to other safety critical domains. The paper presents three theories of situational awareness: the three-level model, the interactive sub-systems approach, and the perceptual cycle. The difference between these theories is the extent to which they emphasise process or product as indicative of situational awareness. Some data from other studies are discussed to consider the negative effects of losing situational awareness, as this has serious safety implications. Finally, the application of situational awareness to system design, and training are presented.     

番禺市民环境意识调查与评价研究

为了了解番禺市民环境意识的现状,把握市民环境意识的总体水平,探讨今后环境保护宣传教育的重点和方向,对番禺市21个镇区的市民的环境意识进行了抽样设想。从环境态度,环境行为,环境知识3个方面对市民的环境意识水平进行了评价,并对影响环境影响水平的个人因素进行了分析和综合评价。结果表明：现阶段番禺市民环境意识勉强进入中 等水平,而市民的环境态度已进入较高水平,环境知识为中等水平,环境行为为中等水平,市民的环境态度,环境行为,环境知识水平相互脱节,表现为意识先行,行为滞后。     

Googling Trends in Conservation Biology

Web‐crawling approaches, that is, automated programs data mining the internet to obtain information about a particular process, have recently been proposed for monitoring early signs of ecosystem degradation or for establishing crop calendars. However, lack of a clear conceptual and methodological framework has prevented the development of such approaches within the field of conservation biology. Our objective was to illustrate how Google Trends, a freely accessible web‐crawling engine, can be used to track changes in timing of biological processes, spatial distribution of invasive species, and level of public awareness about key conservation issues. Google Trends returns the number of internet searches that were made for a keyword in a given region of the world over a defined period. Using data retrieved online for 13 countries, we exemplify how Google Trends can be used to study the timing of biological processes, such as the seasonal recurrence of pollen release or mosquito outbreaks across a latitudinal gradient. We mapped the spatial extent of results from Google Trends for 5 invasive species in the United States and found geographic patterns in invasions that are consistent with their coarse‐grained distribution at state levels. From 2004 through 2012, Google Trends showed that the level of public interest and awareness about conservation issues related to ecosystem services, biodiversity, and climate change increased, decreased, and followed both trends, respectively. Finally, to further the development of research approaches at the interface of conservation biology, collective knowledge, and environmental management, we developed an algorithm that allows the rapid retrieval of Google Trends data.     

西安BC、PM2.5与气温协同对心脑血管疾病死亡的影响

利用西安市2014~2015年BC、PM_2.5和气温及心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数等资料,基于时间序列的广义相加模型中的主效应模型、非参数二元响应模型和温度分层模型对其进行研究.结果表明,BC、PM_2.5对心脑血管疾病死亡人数的影响存在滞后效应,最佳滞后时间下,BC、PM_2.5浓度每增加1个IQR（BC：5.31μg/m³,PM_2.5：40.30μg/m³）,心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数ER（95% CI）分别为3.53%（95% CI：1.86,5.23）、2.01%（95% CI：1.06,2.97）.气温与心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数的暴露反应关系呈“V”型分布特征,最适温度为26℃.低温和高污染物浓度对心脑血管疾病的影响存在协同放大效应,当气温低于26℃时,BC对人群健康风险比PM_2.5更大.对于心脑血管疾病而言,不同人群的易感程度不同,女性群体对BC、PM_2.5暴露更为敏感.当BC、PM_2.5同时纳入其它一种或几种气态污染物时,对ER值无较大影响.BC仅占PM_2.5浓度的一小部分,但健康影响不容忽视,BC可作为评估大气污染物健康风险的重要空气质量指标.     

亿元GDP死亡率与区域发展水平的相关性分析

为探讨亿元GDP死亡率与区域发展水平之间的关系,选择能够反映区域整体发展水平,又与安全生产密切相关的影响因素,通过统计年鉴获取大量数据的基础上,从时间和空间2个维度,采用SPSS数据统计软件对亿元GDP死亡率和13个定量影响因素、5个定性影响因素之间的Spearman相关系数进行计算,排除区域发展水平的极度差异,在总体趋势上,亿元GDP死亡率与各相关因素的相关性在时间和空间2个维度上保持较好的一致性。计算结果表明,各地区可从提高经济发展水平、优化产业结构、大力发展科学教育事业、提高医疗卫生水平和健全法制体系等方面降低亿元GDP死亡率,改善当地的安全生产水平,该结论能为各区域控制亿元GDP死亡率,对安全生产进行宏观调控提供科学依据。     

Emotional reactions in women in late pregnancy (24 weeks or longer) following the ultrasound diagnosis of a severe or lethal fetal malformation

We studied the emotional reactions of 41 women in late pregnancy shortly after they had been informed of the diagnosis of ‘severe or lethal fetal malformations’ and 3 months after delivery. In addition, situational variables were explored as determinants of grieving. While grief did not diminish during the study period, psychological instability was less pronounced at 3 months after delivery. More grief reactions were evoked by self-reported easily versus self-reported not easily initiated pregnancy, gestational age between 24 and 34 weeks versus beyond 34 weeks, multiparity versus primiparity, and viewing versus not viewing the baby.     

加强环境保护宣传教育提高公众环境意识

环境是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础，然而人类在利用自然资源和环境进行经济建设的同时，也加剧了对自身生存环境的破坏，反过来被破坏了的恶劣环境又严重地威胁着人类的生存。这就要求我们在进行经济建设、积累财富的同时，也要注重对生存环境的保护，达到共存与和谐的发展。为使人们有效的、自觉的保护好环境，首先要加强环境宣传教育工作，有组织、有措施、分层次、有重点地抓好环保宣传教育工作，使环保宣传社会化、环保意识全民化，形成环保事业人人参与、社会舆论广泛监督的环境保护工作局面。     

环境保护中政府和公众的博弈

发展经济和保护环境是现代政府治理的主要课题。环境问题越来越严峻,对公众的影响越来越深,政府和公众的环保意识不断增强,他们不断地参与到环境保护运动中。政府和公众都是理性的经济人,他们有不同的利益诉求。由于信息交流的不顺畅,政府和公众在环境保护参与中进行着博弈。在博弈的过程中,博弈的情景不断变化,政府和公众对环境问题的认知在不断地变化,他们采取的策略也不断发生变化,他们之间的博弈从合作博弈到非合作博弈再到合作博弈,不断循环,从而达到发展经济和保护环境双重目的。     

初中生环境意识现状调查及提升对策分析

环境保护教育为本,环境教育在基础教育中意义重大。为了了解焦作市中学环境教育的现状,推动焦作市中学环境教育的开展,探讨今后中学环境教育的重点和方向,对焦作市区的两所中学的环境教育进行了抽样问卷调查,获取了初一、初二年级学生的环境意识现状资料,综合分析调查对象在环境知识、环境教育、环境意愿等方面的现状,针对其中存在的问题,从教育方法、教育手段、教学模式、知识获取途径、教育系统资源等方面提出若干提升对策。     

利用分子生物等技术确定活性污泥硝化细菌的衰减特征

通过常规耗氧速率（OUR）测定方法、荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）和LIVE/DEAD细胞活性实验,分别研究了序批式反应器（SBR）硝化系统和生物营养物去除（BNR）系统中硝化细菌的好氧衰减特征.实验结果表明,SBR硝化系统中硝化细菌在衰减过程中由细胞死亡引起的衰减分别占细胞总衰减的33%（SRT=10 d）和50%（SRT=40 d）;相应地,由活性降低引起的衰减分别占细胞总衰减的67%（SRT=10 d）和50%（SRT=40 d）.长SRT可能会选择出能够更好地适应饥饿状态的硝化菌种,使细菌能够迅速地做出紧迫反应,从而降低其衰减速率.在BNR系统中（SRT=15 d）,硝化细菌在衰减过程中由细胞死亡引起的衰减约占细胞总衰减的45%,由活性降低引起的衰减约占细胞总衰减的55%.两种系统中硝化细菌由细胞死亡引起的衰减比例不同是由于两种系统中不同微生物组成所致.