犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏对改良碱化土壤的效果研究

利用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏改良盐碱地对于确保国家粮食安全和生态安全,发展循环经济具有重要意义,已经引起国内外的广泛关注。选择具有典型代表性的宁夏西大滩碱化土壤,采用田间试验进行犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤的效果研究。研究表明犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏,对降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,提高油葵（Helianthus annuus）出苗率和产量的效果有所不同。采用旋耕较犁翻对降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,提高油葵出苗率和产量的效果较好。旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻油葵出苗率提高9.4%,产量提高8.2%;犁翻后再旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻与旋耕,效果更好。犁翻后再旋耕较旋耕和犁翻油葵出苗率分别提高13.6%和3.8%,产量分别提高16.2%和7.4%。旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻施用有利于提高产投比,其产投比提高0.13;犁翻后再旋耕较旋耕和犁翻更有利于提高产投比,其产投比分别提高0.14和0.01。     

不同生境下报春苣苔的光合作用日变化特性

国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔Primulina tabacum Hance是苦苣苔科多年生草本植物。研究不同生境下报春苣苔在干湿季的光合作用日变化动态及其对环境因子响应,结果表明：旷地午间时段,光合有效辐射（PAR）增加伴随着空气湿度（RH）的显著下降,此时报春苣苔的净光合速率（Pn）因受光抑制和气孔限制的影响而下降。岩洞生境下报春苣苔的Pn没有受到抑制,但其Pn和光合碳水化合物（CH2O）生成速率较低,洞内光照缺乏是限制其光合碳同化的原因之一。3个样地检测的Pn、CH2O产生速率、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及Rubisco的Vo/Vc比率等在湿季均优于干季。主成分分析表明叶片Narea与Chl含量、比叶重（LMA）以及气孔密度对光合作用具有显著影响。Pearson相关分析表明不同生境下影响报春苣苔Pn的关键生态因子有所不同,旷地强光环境下过高的叶片水蒸气压亏缺（VPD）和气温（ta）直接限制净光合速率的水平,而在岩洞弱光高湿环境中,PAR则成为Pn的限制因子。同一环境因子在不同生境下对报春苣苔Pn的影响也有所不同：在旷地强光生境下,空气湿度（RH）的适度增加有利于降低过高的VPD,促进气孔开放而提高Pn。而在岩洞低光条件下,过高RH则会使降低VPD而不利于叶片的气体交换,使光合作用受影响。这个结果启示,在进行报春苣苔野外回归栽培时,应该注意PAR和RH等环境因子的控制。     

基于随机Petri网的平交道口建模及事故率分析

基于公路道口使用者的违规进入及违规人数比例是道口发生事故的主要原因为背景,分析道口使用者违规进入道口前的平均等待时间及违规比例,列车在各个区段的时间特性与道口事故率之间的定量关系。采用随机Petri网基于道口公路使用者、道口铁路列车的经过道口过程、道口安全防护系统功能及三者之间的相关性进行建模及事故率分析。根据模型的仿真表明:当列车由道口传感器区进入接近区的时间和由接近区进入道口的时间由随机值变为固定值时,道口事故率大大降低;公路使用者在违规进入道口前,等待某个时间后进入道口发生事故的风险最大。当列车由接近区进入道口的时间为随机值时,公路使用者的违规比例增加会明显加大事故率。     

Explorative spatial analysis of traffic accident statistics and road mortality among the provinces of Turkey

Introduction

The aim of the study is to describe the inter-province differences in traffic accidents and mortality on roads of Turkey.

Method

Two different risk indicators were used to evaluate the road safety performance of the provinces in Turkey. These indicators are the ratios between the number of persons killed in road traffic accidents (1) and the number of accidents (2) (nominators) and their exposure to traffic risk (denominator). Population and the number of registered motor vehicles in the provinces were used as denominators individually. Spatial analyses were performed to the mean annual rate of deaths and to the number of fatal accidents that were calculated for the period of 2001-2006. Empirical Bayes smoothing was used to remove background noise from the raw death and accident rates because of the sparsely populated provinces and small number of accident and death rates of provinces. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed to show whether the provinces with high rates of deaths-accidents show clustering or are located closer by chance. The spatial distribution of provinces with high rates of deaths and accidents was nonrandom and detected as clustered with significance of P < 0.05 with spatial autocorrelation analyses.

Results

Regions with high concentration of fatal accidents and deaths were located in the provinces that contain the roads connecting the Istanbul, Ankara, and Antalya provinces. Accident and death rates were also modeled with some independent variables such as number of motor vehicles, length of roads, and so forth using geographically weighted regression analysis with forward step-wise elimination. The level of statistical significance was taken as P < 0.05. Large differences were found between the rates of deaths and accidents according to denominators in the provinces. The geographically weighted regression analyses did significantly better predictions for both accident rates and death rates than did ordinary least regressions, as indicated by adjusted R² values. Geographically weighted regression provided values of 0.89-0.99 adjusted R² for death and accident rates, compared with 0.88-0.95, respectively, by ordinary least regressions.

Impact on industry

Geographically weighted regression has the potential to reveal local patterns in the spatial distribution of rates, which would be ignored by the ordinary least regression approach. The application of spatial analysis and modeling of accident statistics and death rates at provincial level in Turkey will help to identification of provinces with outstandingly high accident and death rates. This could help more efficient road safety management in Turkey.     

Exploring metapopulation-scale suppression alternatives for a global invader in a river network experiencing climate change

Invasive species can dramatically alter ecosystems, but eradication is difficult, and suppression is expensive once they are established. Uncertainties in the potential for expansion and impacts by an invader can lead to delayed and inadequate suppression, allowing for establishment. Metapopulation viability models can aid in planning strategies to improve responses to invaders and lessen invasive species’ impacts, which may be particularly important under climate change. We used a spatially explicit metapopulation viability model to explore suppression strategies for ecologically damaging invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta), established in the Colorado River and a tributary in Grand Canyon National Park. Our goals were to estimate the effectiveness of strategies targeting different life stages and subpopulations within a metapopulation; quantify the effectiveness of a rapid response to a new invasion relative to delaying action until establishment; and estimate whether future hydrology and temperature regimes related to climate change and reservoir management affect metapopulation viability and alter the optimal management response. Our models included scenarios targeting different life stages with spatially varying intensities of electrofishing, redd destruction, incentivized angler harvest, piscicides, and a weir. Quasi-extinction (QE) was obtainable only with metapopulation-wide suppression targeting multiple life stages. Brown trout population growth rates were most sensitive to changes in age 0 and large adult mortality. The duration of suppression needed to reach QE for a large established subpopulation was 12 years compared with 4 with a rapid response to a new invasion. Isolated subpopulations were vulnerable to suppression; however, connected tributary subpopulations enhanced metapopulation persistence by serving as climate refuges. Water shortages driving changes in reservoir storage and subsequent warming would cause brown trout declines, but metapopulation QE was achieved only through refocusing and increasing suppression. Our modeling approach improves understanding of invasive brown trout metapopulation dynamics, which could lead to more focused and effective invasive species suppression strategies and, ultimately, maintenance of populations of endemic fishes.     

利用分子生物等技术确定活性污泥硝化细菌的衰减特征

通过常规耗氧速率（OUR）测定方法、荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）和LIVE/DEAD细胞活性实验,分别研究了序批式反应器（SBR）硝化系统和生物营养物去除（BNR）系统中硝化细菌的好氧衰减特征.实验结果表明,SBR硝化系统中硝化细菌在衰减过程中由细胞死亡引起的衰减分别占细胞总衰减的33%（SRT=10 d）和50%（SRT=40 d）;相应地,由活性降低引起的衰减分别占细胞总衰减的67%（SRT=10 d）和50%（SRT=40 d）.长SRT可能会选择出能够更好地适应饥饿状态的硝化菌种,使细菌能够迅速地做出紧迫反应,从而降低其衰减速率.在BNR系统中（SRT=15 d）,硝化细菌在衰减过程中由细胞死亡引起的衰减约占细胞总衰减的45%,由活性降低引起的衰减约占细胞总衰减的55%.两种系统中硝化细菌由细胞死亡引起的衰减比例不同是由于两种系统中不同微生物组成所致.     

广东省稻田肥料施用现状及其合理性评估

分析了近十几年来广东省稻田肥料的施用量以及施肥对水稻产量、土壤有机质和养分的影响,并就肥料品种搭配、养分数量及配比、施肥时期、施肥方法、肥料利用率等方面对肥料施用的合理性进行了评估。通过与国内外有关资料的对比分析.结果表明,广东省稻田肥料施用仍有较大的潜力,有必要采取措施进一步发挥,以促进农作物优质高产。     

Anaerobic digestion of livestock and poultry manures spiked with tetracycline antibiotics

Abstract

We investigated the anaerobic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline [TC], oxytetracycline [OTC] and chlortetracycline [CTC]) in swine, cattle, and poultry manures. The manures were anaerobically digested inside polyvinyl chloride batch reactors for 64?days at room temperature. The degradation rate constants and half-lives of the parent tetracyclines were determined following first-order kinetics. For CTC the fastest degradation rate was observed in swine manure (k?=?0.016?±?0.001 d^?1; half-life = 42.8?days), while the slowest degradation rate was observed in poultry litter (k?=?0.0043?±?0.001 d^?1; half-life = 161?days). The half-lives of OTC ranged between 88.9 (cattle manure) and 99.0?days (poultry litter), while TC persisted the longest of the tetracycline antibiotics studied with half-lives ranging from 92.4?days (cattle manure) to 330?days (swine manure). In general, the tetracyclines were found to degrade faster in cattle manure, which had the lowest concentrations of organic matter and metals as compared to swine and poultry manures. Our results demonstrate that tetracycline antibiotics persist in the animal manure after anaerobic digestion, which can potentially lead to emergence and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment when anaerobic digestion byproducts are land applied for crop production.     

Quantifying the effects of fumarate on in situ reductive dechlorination rates

In situ methods are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical amendments at enhancing reductive dechlorination rates in groundwater that is contaminated with the priority pollutant, trichloroethene (TCE). In this communication, a method that utilizes single-well, “push–pull” tests to quantify the effects of chemical amendments on in situ reductive dechlorination rates is presented and demonstrated. Five push–pull tests were conducted in each of five monitoring wells located in a TCE-contaminated aquifer at the site of a former chemical manufacturing facility. Rates for the reductive dechlorination of the fluorinated TCE-surrogate, trichlorofluoroethene (TCFE), were measured before (test 1) and after (test 5) three successive additions (tests 2–4) of fumarate. Fumarate was selected to stimulate the growth and activity of indigenous microorganisms with the metabolic capability to reduce TCFE and TCE. In three wells, first-order rate constants for the reductive dechlorination of TCFE increased by 8.2–92 times following fumarate additions. In two wells, reductive dechlorination of TCFE was observed after fumarate additions but not before. The transformation behavior of fumarate was also monitored following each fumarate addition. Correlations between the reductive dechlorination of TCFE and the reduction of fumarate to succinate were observed, indicating that these reactions were supported by similar biogeochemical conditions at this site.     

Evaluating the impact of criminalizing drunk driving on years of life lost due to road traffic deaths in one megacity,China

Objective: Road safety is an important public health issue worldwide. However, few studies have analyzed the association between criminalizing drunk driving and years of life lost (YLL) due to road traffic deaths (RTDs). Our study can provide useful information about this policy.

Methods: We used interrupted time-series analysis to find the changes in monthly YLL and RTD before and after law enforcement began using RTD data from 2008 to 2014 in Tianjin.

Results: After adjustment for seasonality, months, holidays, and the number of people in each district, criminalizing drunk driving was followed by a 11.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–21.1%) reduction in risk of RTDs and a corresponding 778.1-year (95% CI, 200–1,355.1) reduction in monthly YLL. The reduction in YLL was especially significant among males, those aged 16–64 years old, and suburban residents.

Conclusions: This study highlights that the law can lead to a reduction in YLL due to RTDs in Tianjin, China. Large immediate public health benefits resulted from the new road traffic law in China. YLL provides a complementary measure for examining the effect of criminalization on drunk driving RTDs.