小窑湾海水养殖环境现状的研究

2000年3－11月对小窑湾水域质量进行了9航次10个指标的海上调查，结果表明该水域质量符合国家一类标准。叶绿素a值夏季高于冬季，IN值冬季高于夏季，COD值4、5、6月均值高出其他月份均值43个百分点，IP值上半年高于下半年。海区营养属贫脊型。同时揭示了高密度双壳贝类浮筏养殖对海区水质的负影响较小，该海域养殖贝类的死亡主要是因饥 饿引发的贝体较弱，抗病力较差。     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area (China) were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs). The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction (150 μm) were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations[RL2] of Pt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentration of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The[RL3] distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the elements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

变分原理确定三角3m晶体等栅条的反射系数

SAW滤波器的反射栅条主要有晶体对称类型为立方m3m、四方4/mmm、六角6/mmm和三角3m等几种。立方m3m栅条反射系数已有具体的计算公式,由于晶体材料特性不同,该公式不适用于四方4/mmm,六角6/mmm和三角3m等栅条反射系数的计算。文章对四方4/mmm,六角6/mmm和三角3m等栅条反射系数进行了详细理论推导,给出其具体的数学表达式,发展了耦合模理论。最后数值计算了几种栅条的反射系数。     

地质灾害生命损失灾情分析与对策

地质灾害每年造成最大可能死亡1500－2000人，除内蒙古，天津市，江苏省，上海市，香港，澳门以外，其余28个省（市，区）每年因地灾害均有不同程度的人员伤亡，据统计，全国实际发生地质灾害死亡人数：1995年死亡1230人，1996年死亡51人，1997年死亡108人，1998年死亡532人，2000年死亡142人（伤26975人）。各级政府必须加强地质灾害防治，保障人民群众生命财产的安全。（1）地质灾害防治，政府负总责，建立和完善领导责任制。（2）制定地质灾害防治规划，实施规划管理，分期分批治理。（3）将地质灾害防治资金列入预算，并建立多元化投资机制。（4）工程建设必须进行地质灾害危险性评估，发生地质灾害造成重大损失的，追究地方政府主要领导和有关部门负责人的责任。     

共沉淀富集—固相光度法快速测定微量汞

以Cu2 I2 与Cu2 HgI4 共沉淀法富集微量汞 ,采用固相反射散射分光光度法测定沉淀物中微量汞的含量。探讨了该方法的基本原理 ,选择了最佳的反应条件和测定条件。该法具有快速、简便、灵敏等优点 ,可应用于极谱实验室空气中、土壤、水体及植物体中微量汞的测定。     

Sex-biased costs in nest defence behaviours by lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens): consequences of parental roles?

Nest defence behaviours, such as attacking predators and defending against predator attacks, expose birds to risk of injury and death. However, direct costs of such behaviours are poorly documented. To evaluate potential costs of nest defence behaviours in lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens), we (1) estimated the proportion of interactions between arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and geese that resulted in physical contact and (2) examined how nest defence behaviours varied between male and female geese. We separated interactions into attacks initiated by foxes (attacks by foxes) and attacks initiated by geese (attacks by geese). Risks associated with attacks by geese were considerably lower than the risks associated with attacks by foxes; only 1 of 1,179 attacks by geese resulted in physical contact between foxes and geese, whereas 26 of 89 attacks by foxes involved such contact (two female geese were killed during these attacks). Attacks by geese were made almost exclusively by male geese (>97%), whereas female geese were involved in 75% of all attacks by foxes that resulted in physical contact with geese. There was, thus, a considerable difference in risks associated with male and female nest defence behaviours. We suggest that parental roles during nesting (i.e., females incubate and males guard) expose female geese to greater risk of injury and death. Male geese may, however, reduce the risk of injury or death to their mates with pre-emptive attacks on foraging foxes.     

未来10年保定市大气PM2.5的健康效益预测

分别设定保定市2020年、2025年及2030年PM_2.5浓度的不同目标情景,并考虑人口发展趋势,采用IER模型对各区县低、中、高目标情景下归因于PM_2.5污染的过早死亡人数进行评估.结果表明,以2017年大气PM_2.5浓度为基线,按照高中低3种预测情景,在2020年、2025年和2030年分别能避免的过早死亡人数高达1582~3840人、5244~7902人和12602~23558人,主要分布在市中心（莲池区、竞秀区和清苑区）及其东南区域.随着老龄化问题越来越严重,环境质量改善获得的健康收益愈加突出,心血管系统疾病（中风和缺血性心脏病）的归因死亡人数多于呼吸系统疾病（肺癌、慢阻肺疾病以及急性下呼吸道感染）.当PM_2.5浓度高于20μg/m³时,中风的归因死亡人数最高;当PM_2.5浓度小于10μg/m³时,缺血性心脏病的归因死亡人数最高.建议保定市在制定PM_2.5污染防控政策时重点关注人群密集的市区及东南方向地区,并考虑大气污染不同阶段导致的过早死亡疾病类型进行针对性的宣教和防控.     

Catastrophic Decline in Mollusc Diversity in Eastern Tasmania and Its Concurrence with Shellfish Fisheries

Abstract:  We used historical patterns of deposition of mollusc shells to infer changes to inshore benthic assemblages in the southeastern Tasmanian region over the past 120 years. We identified and counted shells in slices embedded within 1m long ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores were collected at 13 sites in water depths of 8–16 m. Declines in mollusc species richness and shell production occurred during the past century at all sites studied, with a mean decline per 5-cm sediment slice from 21 species in 1890 to 7 species in 1990 and in shell abundance from 150 to 30 individuals over the same period. The time course of decline notably corresponded with the history of the scallop dredge fishery, presumably either because scallop dredging caused general declines in populations of mollusc species or because other factors caused a catastrophic regional decline in molluscs that included scallops. As a consequence, the fishery was forced to close. Of major concern is that losses had not previously been recognized but extended throughout the 100-km coastal span of the study. Given that fishing and other anthropogenic impacts, as well as a lack of observational data, are virtually ubiquitous for the coastal zone, major recent losses in mollusc biodiversity may be globally widespread but have gone unnoticed.     

汽车爆炸的超压分布规律实验研究

测试了不同药量和不同车型的爆炸超压值,对汽车爆炸的超压分布规律进行了实验研究.结果表明,小汽车内发生炸药爆炸时,车门侧压力明显大于车尾部方向的压力,车外的冲击波超压值要大于空气中炸药爆炸的结果,前者约为后者的1.0～2.2倍.即车体对冲击波约束作用要小于车内底盘的反射作用.计算得到了实验中冲击波超压对人员的杀伤半径和最小安全距离,对汽车爆炸案件具有一定指导作用.冲击波的反射不可忽视,货车下地面炸药爆炸表现出明显的冲击波反射作用,测得超压值大于空气中爆炸的超压值.