A neglected risky behavior among children and adolescents: underage driving and injury in New South Wales,Australia

PROBLEM: Among different causes of injury, roads and traffic-related incidents contributed most to all child deaths. The majority of childhood and adolescent traffic-related deaths are young people killed as pedestrians or bicyclists. Underage driving is a particular risky behavior much neglected. This study aimed to describe some characteristics related to motor-vehicle crashes and crash-related injury in which the vehicle was driven by a young person who was under the legal age of obtaining a learner license in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS: Data used in this study were made available from the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW for the period between 1996 and 2000. Crash information was collected and reported by NSW police at the scene of these motor-vehicle crash incidents. RESULTS: There were 526 crashes involving an underage driver recorded within the study period. The majority (79.5%) of these underage drivers were males with slightly more than half (58.0%) aged 15 years, and nearly 30% aged 14 years. Among these, 83.6% involved the driver of the vehicle being killed or injured. Among the injured or killed passengers, 128 (73.6%) were nonadult passengers under the age of 18 years. Seventy of these crashes occurred while the car was in pursuit by police. The adjusted relative risk of injury to at least one occupant in the vehicle should a crash occur for female underage drivers was two times (OR=2.01, 95% CI=1.27-3.20) as compared to male underage drivers. DISCUSSION: Underage driving poses a serious problem in terms of crash outcomes. Experimental driving and late-night outings for adolescents should be discouraged. Well-designed studies are required to further investigate the relationship between underage driving and on road risk-taking behavior among licensed adolescents. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Data obtained from this study indicate that adults, particularly parents, should discourage underage adolescents from experimenting driving and should actively cultivate a positive attitude toward driving.     

A meta‐analytic comparison of self‐reported and other‐reported organizational citizenship behavior

Given the common use of self‐ratings and other‐ratings (e.g., supervisor or coworker) of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), the purpose of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the extent to which these rating sources provide comparable information. The current study's results provided three important lines of evidence supporting the use and construct‐related validity of self‐rated OCB. The meta‐analysis of mean differences demonstrated that the mean difference in OCB ratings is actually quite small between self‐ and other‐raters. Importantly, the difference between self‐ and other‐raters was influenced by neither the response scale (i.e., agreement vs. frequency) nor the use of antithetical/reverse‐worded items on OCB scales. The meta‐analysis of correlations showed that self‐ and other‐ratings are moderately correlated but that self–other convergence is higher when antithetical items are not used and when agreement response scales are used. In addition, self‐ratings and supervisor‐ratings showed significantly more convergence than self‐ratings and coworker‐ratings. Finally, an evaluation of self‐rated and other‐rated OCB nomological networks showed that although self‐rated and other‐rated OCBs have similar patterns of relationships with common correlates, other‐rated OCB generally contributed negligible incremental variance to correlates and only contributed appreciable incremental variance to other‐rated behavioral variables (e.g., task performance and counterproductive work behavior). Implications and future research directions are discussed, particularly regarding the need to establish a nomological network for other‐rated OCB. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Significant work events and counterproductive work behavior: The role of fairness,emotions, and emotion regulation

In this diary study, we investigated multi‐level predictors of daily counterproductive work behavior (CWB) relying on the theoretical frameworks of affective events theory and the emotion‐centered model of CWB. We assessed significant work events, event‐based fairness perceptions, negative emotional reactions to work events, and employee CWB over a 10‐day period. We tested within‐person relations predicting CWB, and cross‐level moderating effects of two emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal). Results from a multi‐level path analysis revealed that significant work events had both direct and indirect effects on negative emotional reactions. Further, negative emotional reactions in turn mediated the relationships between significant work events and all forms of daily CWB as well as the relationship between event‐based fairness perceptions and daily CWB‐O. Results also supported the moderating role of reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on relations between significant work events and negative emotional reactions. Less support, however, was found for the moderating influence of suppression on the link between negative emotional reactions and CWB. Among the broad work event categories we identified, our supplemental analyses revealed that negative work events involving interactions with supervisors elicited the highest levels of employee negative emotional reactions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组织管理因素对矿工不安全心理行为影响的调查研究

为探讨组织管理因素对矿工不安全心理及不安全行为的影响情况和预测作用,采用自行编制的组织管理测评量表及不安全心理行为调查问卷对安徽两家大型煤矿的250名一线矿工进行问卷调查,并采用Pearson 相关分析、多元逐步回归分析法探讨组织管理因素与矿工不安全心理及行为的关系。结果显示:矿工不安全心理水平与组织公平、组织支持、组织安全态度呈负相关、与生产任务呈正相关,矿工不安全行为水平与组织公平、组织支持、组织安全态度呈负相关,与生产任务呈正相关;矿工不安全心理受组织公平、组织支持及生产任务的影响显著;矿工不安全行为受组织安全态度及生产任务的影响显著。研究结果为煤矿企业提供了参考,煤矿管理者可据此采取相应的措施,有针对性地改善矿工的不安全心理,控制矿工的不安全行为。     

基于地铁乘客个体特征的非适应性行为研究

为减少应急疏散时地铁乘客的非适应性行为,提高应急疏散效率,以知信行(KAP)理论为基础,构建地铁疏散乘客非适应性行为模型,在此基础上编制乘客非适应性行为调查问卷,运用SPSS软件中的T检验和方差分析方法分析乘客个体基础特征对非适应性行为的影响,并运用结构方程模型研究疏散乘客安全知识及安全态度与非适应性行为的关系。结果表明:疏散乘客的性别、年龄及火灾经历对非适应性行为具有显著影响,文化程度及乘车频次对非适应性行为无显著影响;疏散乘客的安全知识和安全态度对非适应性行为均具有显著的负向影响。     

人口统计学特征与不安全行为及其意向的关系研究

为分析人口统计学特征与不安全行为意向和不安全行为的关系,收集了7个煤矿的735名一线作业人员有效调查问卷,采用多因变量、多自变量析因方差分析方法,分析了年龄、工龄与经验、工作岗位、婚姻状况、吸烟、饮酒、家庭经济压力等变量与不安全行为意向及不安全行为的关系。结果表明:不同婚姻状况员工在不安全行为表现上有显著差异,有婚史现单身的员工更易发生不安全行为;不同工作岗位、不同饮酒状况和不同经济压力的员工在不安全行为意向上有显著差异。其中开拓掘进岗位员工、经常喝酒并常喝醉员工、承担家庭费用少于1/4的员工,以及不饮酒且承担家庭费用少于1/2的员工,较其他组员工在不安全行为意向方面有显著统计差异     

基于班组安全氛围的建筑工人不安全行为预测

为拓展安全氛围在施工安全管理中的应用,提高建筑工人不安全行为可预测性,提出一种基于班组安全氛围预测建筑工人不安全行为的方法。通过文献研究获取班组安全氛围7个维度,并将其作为输入构建人工神经网络模型,利用问卷数据对模型进行训练、测试与仿真,最后通过实际案例验证模型实用性。研究结果表明:模型均方误差为0.015 4,目标输出与预测输出相关系数R大于0.9,该模型可有效用于建筑工人不安全行为预测,并在实际工程案例中准确识别出3个不安全行为因素。     

辱虐管理对员工不安全行为的U型影响——一个双调节模型

为进一步探究辱虐管理与不安全行为之间的作用关系,更好地减少生产安全事故的发生,以242名高危行业企业员工为调查对象,应用层次回归方法实证检验辱虐管理与员工不安全行为之间的曲线关系以及正念、领导-成员交换在二者之间的调节作用.研究结果表明:辱虐管理对不安全行为有U型影响;正念调节辱虐管理与不安全行为之间的关系,二者之间的...     

基于行为主义心理学视角探讨现行安全管理

试从行为主义心理学的角度对现行的安全生产管理方法进行探讨,一方面分析了人的不安全行为对于安全事故的重要影响,另一方面自行为、环境、强化、学习的因素对现行的安全管理方法提出了改进意见.通过将行为主义心理学与安全管理相结合,论述了心理学在安全管理中起到的积极作用,以及在未来更广阔的前景.     

行为传播视角下群体压力对矿工不安全行为意向的影响*

为探究不安全行为在煤矿企业班组之间的传播机制,建立矿工的群体压力、道德推脱、道德氛围与矿工不安全行为意向之间的假设模型。以252名一线班组矿工为研究对象,基于结构方程模型分析道德推脱的中介效应和道德氛围的调节效应,对行为传播视角下的群体压力对矿工不安全行为意向的影响展开研究。研究结果表明:群体压力与矿工不安全行为意向正相关;群体压力与矿工道德推脱水平正相关;道德推脱在群体压力与不安全行为意向之间起中介作用;工具型道德氛围在群体压力与道德推脱之间起调节作用;规则型道德氛围在群体压力与矿工不安全行为意向之间起调节作用。研究结果可为煤矿企业降低矿工的不安全行为意向提供1种可借鉴的理论依据和管理方法。