昆山市耕地变化和粮食安全研究

采用粮食自给率结合区域最小人均耕地面积对江苏省昆山市20多年来粮食安全状况进行研究,结果表明:昆山市在2000年从粮食产区转型为粮食销区;2006年的粮食自给率仅有23%;生产力提高和作物种植结构的相互制约导致了最小人均耕地面积呈波动变化。在粮食安全未来发展趋势的分析方面,提出了依据相关社会经济指标对昆山市发展阶段进行聚类分析,然后以最新发展阶段数据进行建模的新思路。分析结果表明:昆山的粮食安全相关的社会经济指标变化确实呈明显阶段性;至2011年,昆山市粮食自给率将下降至11%;最小人均耕地面积降低至0.028 hm2,如果该变化趋势得不到有效控制而持续较长时间,到2016年时,粮食自给率和最小人均耕地面积将分别下降至8%和0.012 hm2。依据这些分析及预测,文章提出了坚持土地集约利用、提升耕地生产力、建立和完善粮食流通网络和拓展并强化与粮食产区之间的合作等保障粮食安全、促进地区可持续发展的对策措施。     

Journalistic Norms,Cultural Values,and Coverage of Climate Change in the Philippines

Developing nations have tended to have been overlooked in studies of climate reporting. This study is based upon a content analysis of three daily newspapers in the Philippines to examine climate change coverage compared to reporting by Western wire services. In addition, the study draws on individualist–collectivist theory to theorize about differences in reporting between the Philippine and Western wire sources. Despite the historic influence of the American news system on Philippine journalism, the study finds that Western journalistic norms do not describe Philippine climate reporting well and that Filipino-penned articles are more likely to include the value of collectivism rather than individualism. This suggests that national cultural differences may be reflected in climate reporting.     

Perceptions of climate change on the Island of Providencia

Climate change-related impacts have the capacity to substantially influence Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean. Currently, many SIDS are engaged in large-scale vulnerability assessments that aim to identify, analyse, and inform solutions to mitigate climate change-related impacts. Many of these assessments, while useful, place little emphasis on the local stakeholders' perceptions of climate change. One such Caribbean community impacted by climate-related change is Providence Island in Colombia. Using a vulnerability assessment framework (Marshall, P.A. et al. 2010. A framework for social adaptation to climate change: sustaining tropical coastal communities and industries. Gland: IUCN Publication Services), researchers interviewed island residents (N = 23) about their perceptions of climate change, impacts on the local environment, and how the island community may adapt. All interviews were transcribed and analysed using a priori and open coding to identify patterns of and relationships between stakeholders' responses. Results indicate that local perceptions of climate change are linked to (1) environmental knowledge, (2) environmental awareness, attitudes, and beliefs, and (3) perceptions of risk. Implications for local adaptive strategies, education, communication, and suggestions for engagement at the local level are discussed.     

汶川地震滑坡发育特征及其影响因素

汶川地震是近年来我国发生的最严重的自然灾害,地震触发了大量的滑坡,造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。根据汶川地震滑坡的调查和勘测,探讨了滑坡的发育特征及其影响因素,旨在为汶川地震滑坡的减灾防灾提供理论依据。分析了地震滑坡的优势坡度范围和最优坡度;地震滑坡面积-频率分布符合对数分布规律而不同于降雨等诱发滑坡的幂律分布。坡向与断层破裂方向的夹角控制着汶川地震滑坡频率、坡度和面积的分布,当坡向与断层破裂方向一致时,受地震抛掷作用滑坡发育的频率和面积的比例大、滑坡平均坡度小;当坡向与断层破裂方向相反和坡向与断层的倾向一致时,受地震撞击崩裂作用,滑坡发育的频率和面积的比例较小、滑坡平均坡度较大。     

Bioenergy project appraisal in sub‐Saharan Africa: Sustainability barriers and opportunities in Zambia

Although there is continuing debate surrounding biofuel cultivation (especially in developing nations) in relation to issues of exploitation, land grabbing, poverty alleviation and energy security, there is a lack of empirical evidence to assess how these debates are playing out in practice on the ground. Drawing on political ecology discourse, this paper examines case studies of biofuel production in Zambia and the effects they have on environmental and social sustainability. During April and May 2011, data were collected on two case study projects involving Jatrophacurcas feedstock cultivation in Zambia. Semi‐structured interviews were used to ascertain views from affected stakeholders (local farmers, local environmental, social, and agronomic experts, and investors) on the biofuel projects and their environmental and social impacts. The findings suggest that the uneven distribution of costs and benefits are brought about by imbalances in knowledge, access to resources and the allocation of social and political influence (often associated with broader discourses of development), and this provides a likely rationale for a lack of sustainability in biofuel projects. Drawing on these viewpoints, as well as on field observations, this paper outlines the barriers and opportunities linked to Jatrophacurcas project sustainability.     

国内外 PM2．5研究进展综述

对国内外PM2．5的研究现状、方向、结论及方法进行回顾,以武汉市1个监测点为例,提出一种与PM2．5强相关因素的分析方法,对PM2．5数值进行预测,并对我国PM2．5研究展望并提出研究发展方向。     

汽车辅助制动装置发展综述

平均行驶速度和载重量的增加,要求车辆具有更大的制动效能,为了有效分流制动负荷常采用辅助制动系统.介绍国内外制动法规的发展和现状,排气辅助制动装置、发动机缓速器、电涡流缓速器和液力缓速器的结构、工作原理及各辅助制动装置的制动性能;比较各辅助制动装置的优缺点,有利于汽车制动技术的发展,全面提高汽车行驶安全性能;展望未来汽车辅助制动装置的两大发展趋势,一是电子控制技术在汽车制动上的应用,二是多种辅助制动装置的联合制动.     

浙江乐清湾海岸带地区乡村城市化发展机制研究

海岸带是人地关系矛盾较为突出的地带.浙江乐清湾海岸带地区在著名的"温州模式"的熏陶下,其城镇发展具有典型的乡村城市化的特征.本文选取乐清海沿岸的乐清市、玉环县和温岭的23个建制乡镇为研究范围,在阐述乐清湾海岸带地区乡村城市化特征的基础上,从隐性机制和显性机制两方面探讨了研究区以市场推导为主动力的"自下而上"的乡村城市化发展机制.隐性机制,包括农村内部的推动力、城市的拉动力和农民主体观念的转变;显性机制,包括市场激励、政策环境、资金因素、政府作用和交通发展.最后提出了加快小城镇发展的若干调控对策,即进一步加快基础设施建设、优化生产力布局、重点培育优势城镇等.     

广州万顷沙大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

对广州万顷沙大气中的醛酮类化合物进行了检测。实验方法是应用醛酮类化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上检测。结果表明,大气中可以检出12种醛酮类化合物,其中丙酮质量浓度最高,其次是甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。这4种化合物平均质量浓度分别是22.07、9.99、7.80和1.20μg·m-3。白天醛酮类化合物的质量浓度比夜晚的高。ρ（甲醛）/ρ（乙醛）、ρ（乙醛）/ρ（丙醛）的数值显示大气中醛酮类污染主要和人为来源有关。甲醛、乙醛、丙醛和丁醛的质量浓度具有良好的相关性。广州城区的污染物随风迁移到万顷沙,使万顷沙也具有城市环境污染特征。     

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测与风速风向的关系研究

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测的启动问题基本解决,但监测响应日期和周期却一直难以确定。统计分析了太湖2007-2009年蓝藻预警监测、现场观测的历史资料,研究蓝藻水华在水体中的分布与风速风向之间的关联规律,从环境监测部门蓝藻预警监测工作的实际出发,划分出了蓝藻水华预警监测的响应级别,提出具体的监测要求,较好解决了预警监测的响应周期问题。为环太湖地区相关部门更好地开展蓝藻预警监测工作提供了科学依据。