MEASURING CONSUMER SURPLUS BENEFITS OF WATER SUPPLY EXTENSIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1

ABSTRACT: For investments in water mains serving new households, consumer surplus benefits may far outweigh those measured by revenues recoupled from user fees. While consumer surplus might be capitalized in the value of sites with access to mains, empirical attempts to measure such capitalization have not proved inveriably successful. In this note an alternative technique based upon the direct estimation of the demand curve is applied. An analysis of Penang Island, Malaysia indicates that the consumer surplus benefits are one and one-half times greater than the revenues recoupled through user fees. The applicability of this technique to cost-benefit analysis of water supply investments is discussed.     

浅论县(区)级环境监测站的现状和发展

本文分析了县（区）级环境监测站在我国加入WTO及政府机构改革后所存在的问题和面临的生存困难。指出当前该级别环境监测站存在的主要问题是缺乏管理，缺乏经费以及技术力量的逐步下降，在此基础上，文章提出了包括加强队伍建设，提高管理水平，进行标准化建设和实施QA／QC等诸多的合理化建设及良好的发展思路。     

烟台市土地资源开发利用对策

根据烟台市土地资源利用现状,中文分析了烟台市土地资源在开发利用中存在的主要问题,提出了开发利用对策。     

CDM host country institution building

Contrary to earlier forecasts, the global greenhouse gas market will initially be characterised by low prices and a strong competition between the different Kyoto Mechanisms. The CDM involves higher transaction costs than the other mechanisms and has lost a considerable share of its ‘early start’ advantage due to the continuous delays in defining the CDM rules on the international level. Host countries will have to compete intensively for CDM investments. Thus the development of effective institutions is crucial to reap benefits from this market, especially if a unilateral strategy is chosen. Countries should develop approval criteria and sectoral priorities in a broad stakeholder consultation. Moreover, capacity building of local actors, information exchange as well as marketing has to be organised. Experience from several countries shows that clear competencies are crucial to get investor confidence. Long-term professional staff is also an important asset. Fights between ministries will scare off investors. The optimum institution will be a CDM Office that is independent but has full approval powers. A second-best solution is a two-tiered system. A CDM Board with representatives of ministries would define criteria and priorities whereas a CDM Secretariat would evaluate (and possibly approve) project proposals and do outreach and marketing. Small countries would preferably use the existing focal point of the UNFCCC and flexibly involve consultants if project proposalscome in. Even under an optimal institutional structure, CDM projects will only be implemented if financing and contractual issues can be resolved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Baseline options and greenhouse gas emission reduction of clean development mechanism project in urban solid waste management

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated. Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO₂/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO₂/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO₂/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C). Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential up to 730–900 kg CO₂/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环境影响评价中风向相关分析方法研究

介绍两种重要的风向相关分析方法－Ｒｉｖｅｓｔ方法和Ｋｕｎｄｕ方法，分析比较了它们各自的特点。Ｒｉｖｅｓｔ方法和Ｋｕｎｄｕ方法运算思路不同，但结果大体一致，两者各有优劣，应用时可酌情选择。     

环境行政指导若干问题探析

环境行政指导是在市场经济体制下一项必要而且行之有效的环境行政管理手段，在分析环境行政指导的概念和法律特征的基础上，认为我国环境行政指导的兴起源于在社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善过程中加强我国环境行政管理的需要，针对环境行政指导的法定性问题，提出通过实体和程序两个方面规范环境行政指导，将环境行政指导逐步纳入依法行政的行政法治轨道。     

矿物溶解-结晶的反应动力学分析

系统地探讨了矿物溶解-结晶的反应动力学特征，分析了制约矿物溶解-结晶的几个关键因素，并就矿物溶解-结晶作用的反应动力学研究的发展前景进行了预测。     

近年广州市二氧化硫污染特征及污染来源分析

根据广州市空气自动监测系统 1991— 2 0 0 0年的监测结果 ,结合 1998年气象和污染源数据 ,对近年二氧化硫污染特征和污染来源进行分析。结果表明近年广州市二氧化硫夏季浓度对全年浓度的贡献在逐渐加大 ;在刮东南风时 ,二氧化硫平均浓度最高 ,其次是西南风 ,而且月平均风速越大浓度越高 ,东南方向和西南方向 ,存在着较明显的二氧化硫污染源。结合污染源排放及分布情况的分析结果表明 ,夏季二氧化硫污染贡献逐渐加大 ,这与广州市东部、东南部居高不下的排放量有关 ,也与广州市东南面珠江口两岸不断新建大型火电厂群有关。     

江西崇义八仙脑钨锡多金属矿床特征及找矿方向

江西省崇义县八仙脑破碎蚀变岩型钨锡多金属矿床产于燕山期花岗岩内外接触带,受一组近东西向断裂控制。矿区已知矿化带(体)12条。以V3矿带为主的6条矿化带(体),主要有用组分钨、锡,并伴生有铅、锌、铜、银等元素,品位高、规模大、矿床类型独特、具良好找矿远景。本文重点阐述矿床的地质特征、成因,及该类型矿床的找矿方向。