The change of European landscapes: human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland

The rewilding of landscapes is one of the most important and intensively discussed landscape changes occurring in Switzerland, as the need for agricultural and forest land is decreasing. To ensure that decisions concerning future landscape management will be supported by the public, it is crucial to take public opinion into account. Hence the present study aims to assess the public attitudes towards nature and "rewilding" processes. In order to analyze these attitudes, we sent a standardized questionnaire to 4000 randomly selected households throughout Switzerland. A cluster analysis led to a typology with four different types of human-nature relationship ("nature lovers", "nature sympathizers", "nature-connected users" and "nature controllers") that each characterize a particular attitude towards nature. These human-nature relationship types differ in their attitudes towards rewilding as well, allowing a rough classification of the sample into wilderness opponents (51.1%) and wilderness proponents (49.9%). However both groups agree with regard to their opinion concerning the rules and regulations that should apply in future wilderness areas. The parallels of the human-nature relationship typology of this survey with other typologies, and the implications for further research are discussed. We can conclude that, due to the differences concerning the attitudes towards wilderness between the human-nature relationship types, between the rural and urban dwellers, and between the language regions, a uniform strategy for the designation and management of wilderness areas in Switzerland is not possible. We recommend that, when managing landscape change, all stakeholders are included in a participatory process and we advise a thorough assessment of the attitudes of the involved persons towards nature and rewilding at the start of such processes. Such an assessment would facilitate the identification of well-defined target groups allowing specific interventions and management actions customized to the needs and characteristics of each of these groups. In addition we see the commonalities between wilderness opponents and wilderness proponents concerning the rules in wilderness areas as an ideal starting point for a successful participatory process.     

VRLA蓄电池和胶体密封铅酸蓄电池的运输安全性能

本文通过振动、压差、高温和跌落试验,考察VRLA蓄电池和胶体密封铅酸蓄电池(简称:胶体电池)的外形变化和电解液泄漏情况,并对VRLA蓄电池和胶体电池的运输安全性能和运输管理方式进行了分析和探讨.     

储存试验站的温湿度特征分析研究

从温湿度的变化趋势、年较差、极端最高值、极端最低值等方面分析研究了储存试验站(长春、无锡、广州、西沙和拉萨)从1995-2005年的监测数据.结果表明,5地的温度变化趋势基本一致,而湿度变化趋势则不同.年较差最大的是长春,最小的是西沙.极端最高温度最高的是无锡;极端最低温度最低的是长春.广州的极端最高湿度最大;拉萨的极端最低湿度最小.5地的温湿度在变化趋势上有相似之处,但更多的是差异性.因而,在进行环境应力的信息开发应用时,应综合考虑温湿度多方面的特性.     

中国环境友好型社会评价体系构建与应用

根据环境友好型社会的内涵和建设途径，遵循指标体系构建原则，结合中国实际，建立了一套包括3个层次31个指标的环境友好型社会综合评价指标体系。根据所选定的指标体系。利用多目标二级决策法和变异系数法对一、二级指标确定权重，并运用TOPSIS法对中国各地2004年的环境友好型社会建设水平进行了排序、评价。结果表明：各地环境友好型社会建设水平普遍不高，与经济发展水平有一定的正相关性，地域格局上呈现出东部、东北、中部、西部依次递减的趋势；环境友好型社会建设水平的区域差异主要表现在地带间的差异。     

西南山地丘陵区典型乡镇环境因素对农村新建居民点布局与复垦的影响差异分析

农村居民点作为中国城乡二元化的重要体现形式,是农村人地关系问题产生的主导因素和农村社会的基本单元。该文以重庆市石柱县临溪镇2010~2014年的新建居民点和复垦数据为主要数据源,采用偏离度和空间变异系数分析各环境因素对居民点新建与复垦分布的影响,并利用极值法对新建居民适宜区域和居民点复垦重点区域进行选择。结果表明:不同环境因素对新建居民点与居民点复垦的空间分布影响差异性明显,道路和场镇因素对2类居民点空间数量分布的影响最大。居民点复垦在道路与耕地2影响因素的偏离度最大值分别为0.69和–0.503,这2类因素是影响居民点复垦的主要因素。新建居民点在道路和坡度的偏离度值分别为–0.742和–0.106,该2类因素是影响新建居民点的关键因素。居民点复垦总体偏离度绝对值为1.53,对居民点总体布局的影响比新建居民点大。环境因素分级因子对新建与居民点复垦影响差异突出,新建居民点靠近城镇、道路、河流以及分布于6°~15°缓坡的趋向明显;居民点复垦远离城镇、道路及分布于陡坡的趋势突出。利用极值法研究发现,道路0~10 m和坡度6°~15°的分级因子组合为最适宜的新建居民点区域,道路大于40 m和耕地70~10 m的分级因子组合为居民点复垦的重点区域。该研究对典型山地丘陵区的新建农村居民点选址及复垦重点区域选择具有理论意义与实践价值。     

Pesticide use and health outcomes: Evidence from agricultural water pollution in China

By linking provincial pesticide usage reports from several Chinese statistical yearbooks (1998-2011) with the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (1998-2011), this study provides new evidence that pesticides adversely affect health outcomes via drinking water exposure. We follow a difference-in-difference-in-differences framework to compare health outcomes between people who drink surface water and ground water in regions with different intensities of rice pesticide use before and after 2004, when China shifted from taxing agriculture to subsidizing agricultural programs. The results indicate that a 10% increase in rice pesticide use unfavorably alters a key medical disability index (Activities of Daily Living or ADL) by 1% for rural residents 65 and older. This is equivalent to 2.13 and 0.64 million dollars in medical and family care costs, respectively. Further, we provide suggestive evidence of an intergenerational transfer of caring burden by showing pesticide use reduces out-migration of the offspring in affected households. The results are robust to a variety of robustness checks and falsification tests.     

景观认知偏好及其人群差异性分析

以武汉市后官湖地区为例,采用层次分析法(AHP)测试了人们对该区域内3种景观类型、12类景观元素的认知偏好情况,并初步分析了景观认知偏好的人群差异性。结果表明:(1)样本人群对不同的景观类型和景观元素表现出不同程度的偏好,并且普遍偏好自然景观(尤其是包含水体和与树木有关的景观元素),其次是半自然景观,最次是人工景观;(2)不同个体对于自然景观的认知偏好表现出明显的差异性,而对于人工景观,样本人群的认知偏好评价较为一致;(3)样本人群的性别、年龄、地区、受教育程度、职业及专业背景均会对个体的景观认知偏好产生不同程度的影响,影响程度从大到小依次为:年龄、职业、地区、专业背景、受教育程度、性别;(4)通过对样本人群个体差异性分析结果,最为偏好自然景观的人群大致具有以下特征:女性、小于45岁、居住在城市地区、大学及以上受教育程度、从事室内工作、具有景观或设计相关专业知识。     

金普湾海域表层沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的分布特征

利用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC-PFPD),对金普湾海域夏季表层沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的含量及其影响因素进行了初步分析.结果表明,研究区域内沉积物中均检测到基质结合态磷化氢的存在,其含量介于62.58~190.81ng·kg-1之间,均值为114.42 ng·kg-1;并且,在近岸海域沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的含量普遍高于远岸海域沉积物.相关数理统计分析显示,沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢与有机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著的线性正相关(R=0.882,P=0.01;R=0.819,P=0.023),而与有机氮、无机磷含量、沉积物粒径的相关性并不显著.由此,揭示了金普湾海域沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的累积与分布主要受有机磷化合物微生物降解作用的影响.     

中国城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异-基于STIRPAT模型

基于2006~2017年的中国省级面板数据,本文以STIRPAT理论模型为基础,建立固定效应模型,分别从全国和区域两个层面深入探究人口、富裕程度和技术对城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异.研究结果表明：（1）近年来,生活垃圾产生量快速增长,同时存在显著的区域差异;（2）从人口因素看,在全国层面上城镇化水平、人口规模、家庭规模和人口老龄化的弹性系数分别是1.152、0.585、-0.478、-0.230,对生活垃圾产生量的影响程度依次减小.在东部地区,城镇化水平提升、人口规模增多和家庭规模小型化促进生活垃圾的产生,人口老龄化增加减少生活垃圾的产生.在中西部地区,城镇化的正效应和人口老龄化的负效应明显强于东部地区,人口规模的正效应和家庭规模的正效应明显弱于东部地区;（3）从经济发展看,在全国层面上居民人均消费支出与生活垃圾产生量呈现倒N型关系.在东部地区,居民人均消费支出和人均GDP的提升促进生活垃圾的产生;（4）从技术水平看,生活能源消耗强度和市容环境卫生费用的弹性系数分别为0.120、-0.0168,区域差异不明显.     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.