负载TiO2浮石对污水处理厂二沉池出水的矿化与灭菌研究

城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水的污染物浓度较低,经过矿化及灭菌等深度处理后可以回用,从而减轻对淡水资源的需求。本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载TiO2的浮石光催化剂,对城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水进行了矿化及灭菌处理研究。采用低压汞灯对处理水样照射2h,有机物降解率可以达到50％,灭菌效率达到100％。处理后的水可以作为农作物灌溉、城市绿化和娱乐用水。负载在浮石表面的TiO2薄膜经过10次的光催化循环实验后,没有明显破损,可以再次循环使用。TiO2浮石具有质轻、机械性能好和价格低等优点,该方法处理废水的适用浓度低,可以广泛应用于微污染水和城市污水处理厂出水的深度处理。     

快速混合法氯化消毒及其效果研究

本文提出了以固定混合器作为促进混合效果装置的快速混合法,并以E.Coli作为指示微生物、液氯作为消毒剂进行了研究。结果表明,均匀快速而剧烈的初始混合作用,可大大改善灭菌效果。在短至5秒的接触时间内即可达到99.99％以上的灭活效率。投氯量和接触时间对E.Coli灭活率的影响随混合程度的提高而减弱。与传统法相比,灭活率可提高100倍以上,投氯量可下降4—8倍,接触时间可大大缩短。     

Identification of unknown disinfection byproducts in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water

Although disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in drinking water have been suggested as a cancer causing factor, the causative compounds have not yet been clarified. In this study, we used liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometry(LC-QTOF MS) to identify the unknown disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water, which is known as a convergence point for the anthropogenic pollutants discharged from intensive industrial activities in the surroundi...     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究

以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3＞O3＞UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.     

Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in soil by microwave treatment compared to UV and ozone treatment

This study reports on the effect of microwave radiation for inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in 25 g of soil compared to ultraviolet irradiation and ozone expose. Microwave radiation at 700 W with 14% water content (w/w) achieved approximately 2.5 log inactivation of eggs in soil within 60 s. On the other hand, UV irradiation at 3 mW cm⁻² with and without shaking soil for 3600 s achieved approximately 0.32 and 0.01 log inactivation of eggs, respectively. In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8 ± 0.7 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor. In addition, the inactivation of eggs by three disinfection techniques was conducted in water in order to compare the inactivation efficiency of eggs in soil. The inactivation efficiency of microwave radiation was found to be no significant difference between in soil and water. However, the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation was significantly increased in water while in ozone expose there was no significant difference between in soil and water. Microwave treatment thus proved to be the most efficient method in controlling A. lumbricoides eggs in soil.     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

MIEX树脂特性及其在饮用水处理中的应用

阐述了MIEX阴离子交换树脂的特性及其在饮用水处理中对消毒副产物前质、色度、浊度、藻类等的去除效果.对近年来MIEX树脂与超滤、活性炭、臭氧等工艺组合的应用情况进行了介绍,初步分析了MIEX树脂用于净水处理的经济性.     

氯和紫外消毒过程中胞外抗性基因的产生特征

考察了城市污水氯和紫外消毒过程中不同物理形态的胞外抗性基因的产生行为与及微生物群落的关联特征.结果表明,氯消毒尽管使胞内抗性基因丰度下降,但使结合型胞外抗性基因丰度明显上升（0.7±0.1）log,而游离型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.2±0.1）log.紫外消毒也使胞内抗性基因下降,但使游离型胞外抗性基因显著上升（0.4±0.2）log,而结合型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.3±0.1）log.氯消毒后,结合型胞外DNA（a-eDNA）中变形菌门丰度下降而其他菌门的丰度上升,细菌多样性指数由4.2上升到4.7;而游离型胞外DNA（f-eDNA）中变形菌门上升了6.6%,多样性指数则从3.5降低到2.8.紫外消毒后,a-eDNA中变形菌门丰度下降了36.6%,多样性则上升到4.8,而f-eDNA中细菌丰度变化较小.分子生态网络分析揭示了抗性基因与细菌间广泛的寄存关系,tetA、tetX、sulI和sulII分别与17、15、15和5种菌属间存在共现性,表明抗性基因潜在宿主的变化是导致消毒后胞外抗性基因产生的关键原因.本研究表明氯和紫外消毒不能消除抗性基因风险,反而通过导致不同胞外抗性基因的大量产生,使风险的形式发生变化.     

饮用水消毒副产物研究状况

本文介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的研究状况。其中重点介绍了饮用水的消毒方式及四类消毒副产物的产生、浓度、存在形态及影响因素等。简单介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的采集、前处理方法及污染控制对策等