驾驶员自身因素对限速标志识别能力的影响分析

以研究城市道路限速标志下驾驶行为的变化为主要目的,基于认知心理学知识,采用实地观测和问卷调查等手段,研究了驾驶员经过限速标志时的心理及反应过程。依据认知工效学中的注意和记忆等机制对驾驶员的限速标志认知过程进行了解析;从驾驶员自身角度分析了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的主要因素;利用因子分析方法对调查数据和调查项目进行统计分析;最终提取了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的6个自身因素为主因子,作为限速标志对驾驶行为影响较大的因素。该研究结果可为城市道路限速标志的设计与设置提供科学依据。     

Human vulnerability, dislocation and resettlement: adaptation processes of river-bank erosion-induced displacees in Bangladesh

The purpose of this research was to identify and analyse patterns of economic and social adaptation among river-bank erosion-induced displacees in Bangladesh. It was hypothesised that the role of social demographic and socio-economic variables in determining the coping ability and recovery of the river-bank erosion-induced displacees is quite significant. The findings of the research reveal that displacees experience substantial socio-economic impoverishment and marginalisation as a consequence of involuntary migration. This in part is a socially constructed process, reflecting inequitable access to land and other resources. Vulnerability to disasters is further heightened by a number of identifiable social and demographic factors including gender, education and age, although extreme poverty and marginalisation create complexity to isolate the relative influence of these variables. The need to integrate hazard analysis and mitigation with the broader economic and social context is discussed. It is argued that the capacity of people to respond to environmental threats is a function of not only the physical forces which affect them, but also of underlying economic and social relationships which increase human vulnerability to risk. Hazard analysis and mitigation can be more effective when it takes into account such social and demographic and socio-economic dimensions of disasters.     

矿井火区可燃性混合气体爆炸三角形判断法及其爆炸危险性分析

矿井火区可燃性混合气体爆炸危险性的判断 ,目前常用单纯的瓦斯爆炸三角形判别法。此法对实际的判断往往未综合考虑火区温度的影响。为此 ,笔者论述了矿井火区多种可燃性气体同时存在时 ,其混合气体爆炸三角形各参数的工程计算方法 :爆炸界限可用 Le Chatelier法 ,但需根据火区实测温度进行修正 ;爆炸时的临界氧浓度 ,则需用另一种三角形图示法予以确定。由此画出的混合气体爆炸三角形分析图 ,可用于矿井火区 ,尤其是矿井大面积火区的密闭和启封过程中 ,作为可燃性混合气体爆炸危险性的综合判断及其防爆措施的制定 ,都具有实用价值和指导意义     

无线电干扰系统电磁辐射安全限值的研究

在严格遵循国家有关部门电磁辐射防护规定中的相关标准情况下,进行无线电干扰系统的实验和操作中,发现当系统长时间使用时,按照电磁辐射相关安全标准设置安全间距仍会对人体健康产生不利影响。文章根据实验数据,对电磁辐射相关安全标准进行了深入研究和探讨,在对国家安全标准探讨的基础上提出考虑电磁辐射危害时不能仅仅将人体作为点来考虑,应充分认识到人体作为等效天线的特征以及吸收功率的问题。     

空间飞行器界面力限控制技术研究

目的 研究力限控制技术,解决过试验问题.方法 以空间飞行器模拟件为试验对象,搭建力限振动试验系统.通过低量级正弦扫频试验方法获取力限参数.采用半经验法、简单二自由度法、复杂二自由度法的极小包络建立力限控制方程.对比研究力限控制与加速度限制控制两种方法对控制效果的影响.结果 在力限控制作用下,振动曲线控制比较稳定,且在预期的共振频带处呈现倒三角窄带下凹现象.相较于加速度限制方法,力限控制方法对共振现象限制比较稳定、精准,对共振峰抑制比较明显.结论 力限控制技术对共振现象具有较好的控制效果,可以针对共振频带进行精准控制.     

Seasonal dependency of controlling factors on the phytoplankton production in Taihu Lake, China

In this study, 44 profiles of gross primary productivity(GPP) and sunlight, along with water temperature, Chlorophyll-a(Chla) and nutrients, were observed in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake, China, in the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Effects of water temperature, light,and nutrient concentration were examined in relation to the GPP-unit-Chla(GPP of algae per Chla). The results showed that the optimum temperature for the GPP of phytoplankton was 27.9°C, the optimal PNA-unit-Chla(photon number absorbed by phytoplankton per Chla) was 0.25(mol), and the HSCN-unit-Chla and HSCP-unit-Chla(half-saturation constants of nitrogen and phosphorus of algae per Chla) were 0.005(mg/L) and 0.0004(mg/L), respectively. The seasonal dependency of the effect of different factors on the GPP was analyzed. Compared with temperature and nutrients, light was found to be the most important factor affecting the GPP during the three seasons. The effect of temperature and nutrients on the GPP of phytoplankton has obvious seasonal change. In spring, temperature was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton, and the effect of nutrients may be negligible in the eutrophic lake on account of temperature limit, which showed that the GPP of algae was only affected by the physical process. In summer and fall, temperature didn't affect the GPP of algae, and the presence of nutrients was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton. From summer to fall, effect of phosphorus was weakened and effect of nitrogen was enhanced.     

Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics

An experimental investigation was carried out on magnesium dust explosions. Tests of explosion severity, flammability limit and solid inerting were conducted thanks to the Siwek 20 L vessel and influences of dust concentration, particle size, ignition energy, initial pressure and added inertant were taken into account. That magnesium dust is more of an explosion hazard than coal dust is confirmed and quantified by contrastive investigation. The Chinese procedure GB/T 16425 is overly conservative for LEL determination while EN 14034-3 yields realistic LEL data. It is also suggested that 2000-5000 J is the most appropriate ignition energy to use in the LEL determination of magnesium dusts, using the 20 L vessel. It is essential to point out that the overdriving phenomenon usually occurs for carbonaceous and less volatile metal materials is not notable for magnesium dusts. Trends of faster burning velocity and more efficient and adiabatic flame propagation are associated with fuel-rich dust clouds, smaller particles and hyperbaric conditions. Moreover, Inerting effectiveness of CaCO₃ appears to be higher than KCl values on thermodynamics, whereas KCl represents higher effectiveness upon kinetics. Finer inertant shows better inerting effectiveness.     

可燃气体空间置换限值研究

在全面解析三元组分图构成要素和含义的基础上,分析可燃物质设备投用和停用过程中惰化置换的机理和浓度限值。可燃气体空间置换限值包括设备投用惰化置换时氧气的最高容许浓度(ISOC)和设备停用惰化置换时可燃气体的最高容许浓度(OSFC),二者可由试验和公式计算2种方式获得。与目前惰化置换时通常参照的限制氧浓度(LOC)、燃烧下限(LFL)等参数相比,ISOC和OSFC值可以更准确地表征惰化置换时临界浓度的意义。通过对部分可燃物质的ISOC和OSFC试验值及计算值进行对比分析,证明以LOC为依据计算出的ISOC和OSFC值与试验值具有更高的符合性;指出目前国内惰化置换浓度控制值采用统一规定值这一方式的不足;证明合理利用LFL,LOCI,SOC,OSFC等参数开展可燃气体密闭空间置换限值研究的科学合理性。     

注含氧氮气油藏产出气的爆炸极限与临界氧含量研究

西部某碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏,在注入氮气的过程中,存在着氮气源内含有氧气的问题,这对油田的实际生产产生很大的安全威胁。为了研究该油藏注气的可行性,在室内进行了氮气不同含氧量条件下注入过程、生产过程以及处理过程中的安全性评估实验,得到不同含氧条件下注氮气驱的评价效果。研究表明:在高温高压油藏内部,氧气不会因分子质量较大等原因发生沉积;含氧氮气在油藏内部会与原油发生氧化反应,氧气含量越高,氧化反应越强;氧化产生的CO2对油藏的抽提作用明显,会使油藏流体变稠,气油比降低。文中用化学法和作图法对产出气体的临界氧含量作出简单确定,化学法确定临界氧含量为12%左右,作图法为16%,考虑到安全系数等因素,建议实际生产过程中氧气含量应低于8%。