顾及模型误差的基坑位移监测数据处理方法

由于基坑地质及观测环境的多样性和复杂性,基坑位移监测数据处理的理论模型与实际模型之间存在着模型误差。若模型误差显著,则所得位移拟合模型的精度较差,将影响后继变形分析的准确性。针对这一问题进行了深入研究,提出了顾及模型误差的最小二乘配置法,并指出在考虑观测值中可能存在粗差的情况下应进一步采用稳健估计法改善基坑监测面的拟合精度。推导了顾及基坑位移模型误差的最小二乘配置法的计算公式,说明了计算步骤。通过对多个实例的计算分析可知,该方法对基坑监测面拟合模型的精度增益能达到35%~48%,是一种比较实用的基坑位移监测数据处理方法。     

长江三角洲农牧系统结构的区域差异及空间位移研究

调整农业结构,实现农业增效、农民增收农业可持续发展,以确保中国中长期食物安全,是中国目前和未来农业和农村工作的重点。农业结构的调整,必须建立在对系统整体认识的基础上,必须符合系统结构本身的演变规律。为此,作者于1996－1999年,以中国经济发达的长江三角洲农区为例,通过资料调研、专家咨询、农户调查、实地考察和试验等手段。对该区1980－1997年以来71个县市的农业生产进行了全面的调查。利用基于GIS的农牧系统综合评价系统,对长江三角洲农牧系统结构的区域差异和空间布局变化进行了全面分析。结果显示,长江三角洲农牧系统结构存在显著的空间梯度差异,布局上出现了明显的空间位移,农业重心开始向南北推移。棉花、小麦和玉米均向北部集中,生猪和家禽向北部和中部的东北部集中,农业生产呈现出显著的区域性专业化布局格式。     

解读GB19606-2004《家用和类似用途电器噪声限值》

本文从多角度对GB 19606-2004标准进行了较为深入的分析,同时详细地比较了该标准与现行家电产品标准中的噪声限值的差异,从而指出生产厂商必须对家电产品噪声限值的变化引起足够的重视,提高产品的噪声水平以满足该强制性标准的要求.     

ESTIMATING THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF CENSORED PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN FLORIDA RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: The total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the South Florida rainfall have been recorded in weekly intervals with a detection limit (D_L) of 3.5 μg/L. As a large amount of the data is reported as below the D_L, appropriate statistical methods are needed for data analysis. Thus, an attempt was made to identify an appropriate method to estimate the mean and variance of the data. In particular, a method to separate the statistics for the below D_L portion from the estimated population statistics is proposed. The estimated statistics of the censored data are compared with the statistics of the uncensored data available from the recent years’ laboratory records. It was found that the one-step restricted maximum likelihood method is the most accurate for the wet TP data, and that the proposed method to combine the estimated statistics for TP < D_L portion and the sample statistics for TP ≥ D_L portion improves estimates compared to the conventional maximum likelihood estimates.     

ESTIMATING MEAN AND VARIANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES WITH BELOW DETECTION LIMIT OBSERVATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Left-censoring of data sets complicates subsequent statistical analyses. Generally, substitution or deletion methods provide poor estimates of the mean and variance of censored samples. These substitution and deletion methods include the use of values above the detection limit (DL) only, or substitution of 0, DL/2 or the DL for the below DL values during the calculation of mean and variance. A variety of statistical methods provides better estimators for different types of distributions and censoring. Maximum likelihood and order statistics methods compare favorably to the substitution or deletion methods. Selected statistical methods applicable to left-censoring of environmental data sets are reviewed with the purpose of demonstrating the use of these statistical methods for coping with Type I (and Type II) left-censoring of normally and log-normally distributed environmental data sets. A PC program (UNCENSOR) is presented that implements these statistical methods. Problems associated with data sets with multiple DLs are discussed relative to censoring methods for life and fatigue tests as recently applied to water quality data sets.     

置换通风下不同风速对负离子净化PM_(2.5)的研究

利用人工环境舱进行实验,从衰减常数、去除率等方面分析了在置换通风下不同送风速度对负离子净化PM_(2.5)的影响。结果表明:负离子对PM_(2.5)具有净化作用;随着送风速度的增加,负离子对PM_(2.5)的净化作用先降低后增大。在保证工作区不会产生吹风感的情况下,所选的8个工况中,置换通风送风速度为0.3m/s左右时,负离子对PM_(2.5)的净化效果最佳,净去除率达到20.4%。     

Reducing the risk of rear-end collisions with infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integration of variable speed limit control and adaptive cruise control system

Objective: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) has been investigated recently to explore ways to increase traffic capacity, stabilize traffic flow, and improve traffic safety. However, researchers seldom have studied the integration of ACC and roadside control methods such as the variable speed limit (VSL) to improve safety. The primary objective of this study was to develop an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integrated system that incorporated both ACC and VSL to reduce rear-end collision risks on freeways.

Methods: The intelligent driver model was firstly modified to simulate ACC behavior and then the VSL strategy used in this article was introduced. Next, the I2V system was proposed to integrate the 2 advanced techniques, ACC and VSL. Four scenarios of no control, VSL only, ACC only, and the I2V system were tested in simulation experiments. Time exposed time to collision (TET) and time integrated time to collision (TIT), 2 surrogate safety measures derived from time to collision (TTC), were used to evaluate safety issues associated with rear-end collisions. The total travel times of each scenario were also compared.

Results: The simulation results indicated that both the VSL-only and ACC-only methods had a positive impact on reducing the TET and TIT values (reduced by 53.0 and 58.6% and 59.0 and 65.3%, respectively). The I2V system combined the advantages of both ACC and VSL to achieve the most safety benefits (reduced by 71.5 and 77.3%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of the TTC threshold also showed that the I2V system obtained the largest safety benefits with all of the TTC threshold values. The impact of different market penetration rates of ACC vehicles in I2V system indicated that safety benefits increase with an increase in ACC proportions.

Conclusions: Compared to VSL-only and ACC-only scenarios, this integrated I2V system is more effective in reducing rear-end collision risks. The findings of this study provide useful information for traffic agencies to implement novel techniques to improve safety on freeways.     

锂离子电池热解气体爆炸极限测定及其危险性分析

为定量研究锂离子电池热失控的危险性,利用锂离子电池在滥用条件下释放气体的种类及体积分数,计算锂离子电池热解气体爆炸极限并研究锂电池荷电状态对热解气体爆炸极限的影响。结果表明:在一定热失控条件下锂离子电池荷电状态为100%时其热解气爆炸下限为6.22%,上限为38.4%,在相同热失控条件下,锂离子电池热解气体的爆炸极限范围随着荷电状态的升高而增大,锂电池的荷电状态对热解气体的爆炸上限影响较大而对爆炸下限影响较小。在相似条件下,锂离子电池热解气体的爆炸极限范围比普通烃类气体大,一旦锂电池发生热失控会对锂离子电池运输造成潜在威胁。     

高填路堤边坡失稳机理与处治措施分析

高填路堤稳定性已成为制约山区高速公路建设的重要因素。以某失稳高填路堤为工程背景,基于将填方路堤和原 始地基作为整体边坡考虑的基本思路,根据现场调查、勘察成果,构建典型地质剖面模型,通过极限平衡条分法,对边 坡稳定性的影响因素,如水位、岩土体重度、内聚力、摩擦角等进行敏感性分析,计算得到边坡潜在滑动面剪出口与现 场实际基本一致,并分析其失稳是在持续强降雨入渗、填方路基土强度弱化后,在填筑路堤、粉质粘土夹碎石层与基岩 交界面顺层滑动剪出;最后分析不同抗滑桩设置位置、强度、间距支护作用下边坡安全系数及潜在滑面情况,推荐在距 离坡脚5 m处设置抗滑桩且其每米间距强度应大于250 t的处治方案。     

综掘巷道超前支护装备双组支撑支护特性实验研究

为提高综掘巷道的掘进效率、改善支护工艺,设计一种用于综掘巷道迎头顶板支护的迈步式超前支护装备。通过对装备工作原理的分析,建立其三维模型。为检验装备的支护效果,设计了支护特性实验方案,构建实验平台,基于实验平台进行了双组支撑状态下的支护实验。实验结果表明:顶板上离固支边越远处动态位移变形量越大,接触力波动也越大; 在双组支撑状态下,顶板变形量最大达到9 mm,接触力最大幅值达到5.84 kN,位置均为顶板纵向中线位置处,在被支护后,该位置最迟趋于稳定; 在双组支撑状态下,顶板变形及接触力经历2~3 s波动后都将趋于平稳; 超前支护装备对顶板的稳定性能起到良好的控制作用,能提高顶板的安全性,为后续产品研发及工业实验提供依据。