压电石英传感器测定空气中氮氧化物

通过电化学活化和硅烷偶联剂在石英谐振器的金电极表面修饰对氮氧化物(NO_x)敏感的金属酞菁化合物,制成压电气体传感器.探讨了不同敏感材料对NO_x的响应灵敏度、检出限及载气流速、温度和干扰气体等对传感器的响应和回复特性的影响.结果表明:酞菁铅最敏感;其适宜的载气流速为40 mL/min,温度范围为10~40 ℃;在9.55×10_-4~1.91 mg/m₃质量浓度范围内,有良好的线性响应关系;用于大气中NO_x的测定,有较好的可靠性和准确性.使用寿命约300次.      

Using Multiple Chemical Criteria for Critical Loads of Acidity in Maritime Regions

Critical loads have become a well-establishedpart of the work programme of the UnitedNations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Conventionon Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Thelinking of ecosystem response to deposition level is thecentral principal of the critical loads approach. Foreach ecosystem, a biological indicator is chosen, asuitable chemical criterion selected and a criticalchemical limit assigned. The Bc:Al ratio is the mostwidely used chemical criterion for setting criticalloads. However, critical loads based on this criterionare very sensitive to marine deposition. In regions whichreceive high depositions of marine-derived base cations,such as the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and the UnitedKingdom (UK), critical loads based on the Bc:Al criterionwill inevitably be high. Therefore, it is proposed thatcritical loads are estimated using multiple chemicalcriteria with appropriate critical limits to protect thechosen biological indicators. The range of publishedchemical criteria have been applied to the ROI and theUK. The chemical criterion corresponding to the mostsensitive critical load have been mapped and thecontribution of each to the final maps investigated. Thesimulations indicate that the most sensitive criteria forsetting critical loads are based on specifying critical Hor Al concentrations. However, the choice of critical limits andmodel parameters will ultimately effect the criticalloads. Therefore, it is important that appropriate criticallimits are chosen to protect the biological indicator andreceptor ecosystem from long-term damage.     

环境应力筛选与应力激发试验

结合工程实践体会,探讨了GJB1032对环境应力筛选规定的几点不合适的要求。通过回顾环境应力筛选的发展,指出了环境应力筛选本质上是一种应力激发试验。并简要介绍了应力激发试验．     

P204-煤油萃取剂的生物降解性

采用测定溶剂饱和溶液 BOD₅和 COD的方法对混合溶剂 P204(二-(2-乙基己基 )磷酸 )-煤油的生物降解性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,不同浓度的 P204(煤油)均可降解 .当溶剂中 P204的浓度小于 70%时 ,平衡水相的 COD及 BOD₅ 与初始溶剂中P204对煤油的体积比成正比 ;当 P204的浓度大于 70%时 ,平衡水相的 COD及 BOD₅基本保持不变 .同时 ,建立了 P204(煤油)平衡水相中 P204的浓度的表达式 ,对研究混合溶剂的生物降解性具有一定的指导意义 .     

Effectiveness of traffic management in Salt Lake City, Utah

PROBLEM: The effectiveness of speed humps, 14 ft (4.3 m) wide by 3.5 in (8.9 cm) high, and tables, 22 ft (6.7 m) wide, on 12 streets in Salt Lake City, Utah was investigated. Mean and 85th percentile spot speeds, speed limit compliance, motor-vehicle crashes, and resident opinions were considered. METHOD: Spot speeds were collected at 18 "between-hump" locations. Motor-vehicle crash data were obtained for "before" and "after" periods of equal duration. A total of 436 residents were surveyed; 184 responded. RESULTS: The mean and 85th percentile speeds decreased at 14 and 15 locations, respectively. The average reduction in the 85th percentile speed (3.4 mph or 5.4 km/h) was significant in flat and rolling terrain, but not on uphill or downhill segments. The number of sites with 50% speed limit compliance increased from 4 to 12. The number of motor-vehicle crashes decreased from 10 to 9; the change was not significant, but injury crashes decreased from five to one. Regarding the residents, 30% were positive, 25% were negative, and 45% offered suggestions, some of which were conflicting. DISCUSSION: Further study is needed on speed hump spacing and speed tables in hilly terrain. Example results should be shared with residents to inform their decision-making. SUMMARY: At least 78% of the sites experienced a decrease in the mean or 85th percentile speed, or an increase in speed limit compliance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These findings should be useful to agencies that are planning or implementing traffic calming projects, and to analysts.     

铬污染场地调查数据评估与暴露浓度估计

针对某铬污染场地调查采样得到的1 269个土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕,分别采用检出限替代法和Walsh's Test方法分析了未检出值和潜在的异常值.结果表明,异常值的取舍对数据的统计分析结果影响较大,结合该铬污染场地的实际情况和采样记录,最终保留了潜在异常值. 分别采用Q-Q图示法和假设检验方法探讨了该铬污染场地土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的数据分布形态发现,二者均不符合3种常见的分布形态(即正态分布、对数正态分布和Gamma分布),因此,采用基于切比雪夫不等式的非参数方法计算该铬污染场地调查数据的95%UCL(置信区间上限值),确定w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的暴露值分别为0.285 6%和0.022 7%.      

断层影响下合理煤柱尺寸留设数值模拟分析

针对潘三矿1642(1)工作面回采受F24大型逆断层影响,利用FLAC3D软件研究留设不同尺寸断层煤柱情况下,应力场、位移场和塑性区演化规律,从而提出合理的断层煤柱留设尺寸。研究发现,随着煤柱的减小,应力集中区域逐渐向断层上盘转移;在断层影响下,顶板最大下沉位置发生在靠近断层一侧;当煤柱尺寸减小到一个临界值时,采空区上方塑性区发育高度会突然增大。留设合理的断层煤柱就是确保塑性区不与断层接触的情况下,尽量减小煤柱尺寸。     

管棚预支护条件下水下隧道开挖面三维稳定性分析

为研究管棚预支护条件下水下隧道开挖面稳定性,基于塑性极限分析理论,建立考虑渗流力的管棚预支护条件下隧道开挖面三维稳定性分析模型,并据此确定开挖面的极限支护压力。结合深圳地铁实际工程,采用笔者提出的方法计算得到的开挖面极限支护压力较二维极限平衡法更符合实际情况,该方法的合理性得到验证。进而研究管棚预支护、地下水位和管棚剩余长度对隧道开挖面渗流力的影响。分析结果表明,渗流力对隧道开挖面稳定性有显著影响,渗流力与地下水位呈线性关系;采用管棚预支护能显著减小隧道开挖面处的渗流力,但当开挖面前方管棚剩余长度超过2倍洞径时,再增加管棚长度对减小开挖面渗流力的效果不明显。     

杨家坪地区地面塌陷成因及破坏变形规律分析

巴东县杨家坪地区出现地面塌陷等地质灾害时间已有十多年,且日益严重。本文在分析了杨家坪地区地面塌陷的时间、空间分布规律后,指出采矿是造成该地区地面塌陷的重要原因。并用极限平衡拱法阐明了不同地层、不同开挖跨度与冒落高度的关系,据此提出了地面塌陷的防治措施。     

平庄西露天矿露井联采高陡长大 边坡稳定性监测研究

为掌握平庄西露天矿露井联采顶帮边坡的岩移规律与稳定性状态,揭示地下开采对边坡稳定性的影响,基于对典型滑坡位移-时间特征的 认识,提出用位移历时曲线与位移加速度历时曲线形态判断边坡稳定性状态,并详细对比分析了布置在井工开采边界以及边坡走向与倾向方向 上各监测线的地表位移监测数据。结果表明,平庄西露天矿顶帮现状边坡整体处于稳定状态,II区凸边坡为相对不稳定区域;边坡岩移规律及 稳定性主要受断层、弱层、边坡平面形态、地下开采及其引起的断层活化等因素综合控制;地下开采对边坡稳定性影响范围的边界大约在边坡 表面出露标高+572m。