CONJUNCTIVE SURFACE AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE JAKARTA REGION,INDONESIA1

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the degree of economic inefficiency of the current institutional arrangements for surface and ground water management in meeting urban water demand in the Jakarta region. A numerical model of integrated surface and ground water management is developed using GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) software. The model maximizes the net present value of social benefits from piped water and ground water consumption across all users over time from 1999 to 2025. Four policy scenarios are examined: the status quo, the social planner's solution, and two ground water pumping quota scenarios: an aggregate ground water pumping quota and a partial quota applied to commercial and industrial users. Three variations in each policy scenario are considered: investment in water infrastructure of the Jakarta water enterprise (PAM Jaya), water demand growth, and discount rates. The status quo, depending on the investment option, the growth of water demand, and the discount rate, results in a 7.4 to 47.8 percent loss in economic efficiency relative to the social planner's solution. The partial quota is the most feasible, applicable, and manageable scenario. The optimal investment option could increase the volume of piped water supply and reduce the cost of water production. The volume of water delivery could increase by up to 156 percent, but it implies only a 35 percent increase in the surface raw water demands above the current level. However, it does not significantly reduce cumulative ground water extraction over the time period considered.     

上海市人口分布变动的空间特征分析

空间自相关分析是一种空间统计的方法。可以揭示区域变量的空间结构形态。通过对2000-2003年期间上海市乡镇人口密度变化率的空间相关性分析，发现上海市近几年人口分布空间变动格局表现为以中心城区为中心的环状分布模式，中心城区和远郊区人口密度变化小。人口增长缓慢，而近郊区人口密度变化大，人口增长迅速。全市人口密度变化率存在着显著的空间集聚现象。四种类型的空间关联在空间分布上具有明显的规律性。研究结果表明，目前上海市人口郊区化趋势明显。高人口密度区域在不断向外扩张，人口分布与经济、交通等社会发展因素的关系日益密切。这些研究结果说明利用空间自相关统计方法能够扩展和加强对人口分布空间模式的研究．从而为经济总体布局和城市化建设提供辅助参考作用。     

Protection of Mammal Diversity in Central America

Abstract:  Central America is exceptionally rich in biodiversity, but varies widely in the attention its countries devote to conservation. Protected areas, widely considered the cornerstone of conservation, were not always created with the intent of conserving that biodiversity. We assessed how well the protected-area system of Central America includes the region's mammal diversity. This first required a refinement of existing range maps to reduce their extensive errors of commission (i.e., predicted presences in places where species do not occur). For this refinement, we used the ecological limits of each species to identify and remove unsuitable areas from the range. We then compared these maps with the locations of protected areas to measure the habitat protected for each of the region's 250 endemic mammals. The species most vulnerable to extinction—those with small ranges—were largely outside protected areas. Nevertheless, the most strictly protected areas tended toward areas with many small-ranged species. To improve the protection coverage of mammal diversity in the region, we identified a set of priority sites that would best complement the existing protected areas. Protecting these new sites would require a relatively small increase in the total area protected, but could greatly enhance mammal conservation.     

发挥区域资源优势，发展“一优两高”农业──岩头镇农业资源优势的开发布局探讨

本文分析评价了永嘉县岩头镇农业综合开发的优势条件、开发潜力，提出了开发农业的方向、区域布局和开发项目和开发措施。     

炮采放顶煤采空区自然发火的数值模拟应用

针对炮采放顶煤开采采空区容易发生自燃问题，基于漏风渗流方程、气体渗流一扩散-氧消耗方程，建立了采空区自然发火非稳定数值模型，采空区按非均质考虑，耗氧汇按煤矸氧化和瓦斯涌出稀释两方面综合考虑，用有限元数值方法联立求解模型。结合羊草沟矿实例，通过该矿自然发火后来的测试区的现场实测结果，拟合反演得到采空区煤的耗氧速度、瓦斯涌出强度和渗透特征参数，用确定的模型分析了前段出现自然发火的原因；描绘了炮采放顶煤开采时采空区冷却带、自燃带和窒息带等三带的形状，指出冒落压实的不均衡的非均质采空区，自燃点在偏人风一侧。用三带划分理论讨论了工作面参数（风量、推进度、控顶距）同自燃的量化关系，提出了从根本上预防采空区自然发火的途径与方法。     

A critical review of the water quality classification system in Turkey: A case study on Meric Basin

An 11-year period of water quality data, collected by the Directorate of Sate Water Works of Turkey are thoroughly analyzed for the purpose of implementing water quality classes to water resources in the Meric Basin, located on the European land mass of Turkey. Water quality parameters are divided into four groups as physical, organic, inorganic, and bacteriological. The quality class of each group is evaluated by taking into account the poorest quality of any parameter in the group, after which a quality rank is assigned to the sampling station and the waterbody in question. This method of water quality classification imposed by the Turkish Water Quality Act, is then criticized with respect to a statistical approach.     

长江流域粮食资源及生产发展方向

论述长江流域发展粮食生产的重要性，分析粮食资源分布，生产状况，生产结构和地域差异，指出粮食合理布局的方向，提出以粮食集中产区为重点，建设长江流域粮食生产专业化地并以建设商品粮基地为建带突破口。     

湖沼钉螺孳生环境分布的遥感调查研究

以试验区不同环境类型洲滩钉螺螺情与环境因子进行了调查分析，利用遥感图像编制地貌类型图，土壤类型图和土地利用类型图，在地理相关分析与主导因素分析基础上采取多图件逐步套合方法，以土地利用类型图为主，结合地面钉螺抽样调查和钉螺被动扩散等非遥感信息进行多信息复合，编制了试验区钉螺孳生环境分布图。     

高速公路建设与区域城镇分布的相互影响初探--以山东省为例

本文在介绍山东省高速公路发展概况的基础上，对其发展速度、规模及布局做了初步评价，同时以现有的交通网络格局为基础，结合各城市2001年的GDP数量和所处的地理环境的差异，划分出城镇密集区与稀疏区，分析评价了高速公路路网结构与城镇分布的相互关系。并分析了高速公路的空间布局与山东省城镇分布和扩展方向的相互影响。     

区域大气环境容量与基础工业布局研究──以镇江为例

大气环境容量是工业布局的影响因素之一。基于大气科学理论及运筹学的线性优化，创建了一个由三维中央尺度风场动力学模式、三维大气扩散数值模式及线性优化容量模式构成的动态优化区域大气环境容量模拟系统，并用该系统就镇江市区的大气环境容量及各污染源的最优排污量进行了计算，由此对镇江市现有重点污染企业的最优排污量及发展提出意见，并对未来基础工业的布局提供依据。该模拟系统具有普适性，故只要收集到模式所需要的长江沿岸地区的地理、气象及污染源资料，即可计算沿江地区的大气环境容量及基础工业企业的布局与规模，为长江产业带建设提供科学依据。