国家环境保护模范城市现状分析及展望

改革开放以来,在我国经济快速发展的同时,产生了巨大的环境问题,为此,原国家环保总局审时度势,开展了创建国家环境保护模范城市的活动。本文对“创模”考核指标的调整情况进行概括,从总体情况、所属行政区、所属行政区级别、面积4个方面对目前“环保模范”城市状况进行了深入地分析,并对日后的“创模”工作进行了展望。     

四川省农村环境空气污染源分布及其对自动监测点位设置影响的研究

将四川省农村地区分成平原和浅丘区、小起伏山地和高丘区、高山峡谷区三种类型区域。利用GIS软件,将四川省划分网格,分别统计每个网格中的工业废气污染点源数量和主要交通线路长度,得出四川省工业废气污染点源密度分级图和四川省主要公路密度分布图,以及结合农村污染面源的情况分析,总结出农村区域的主要污染密度分布类型。结果表明,在一定区域范围内,农村平原和浅丘区的工业源、交通源、农村面源分布均匀;高丘区、小起伏山区、高山峡谷区的污染源分布均具有明显的地理分布特性,山间平地和山谷台地的污染源分布密度高;根据四川省污染源分布规律给农村空气自动监测布点提供了指导。     

铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置方法研究

铁路危险货物运输办理站点的优化配置,涉及到需求分布、设置地点、区域规划、环保要求、业务功能以及与其他运输方式的分工、衔接等,是一个复杂的系统工程。分析了已有铁路危险货物办理站点整合优化模型的不足,首先从铁路部门角度综合考虑现有铁路危险货物办理站点的各方面条件,进行多准则决策评价,从运输需求者角度考虑运输方式多属性决策,进行铁路危险货物办理站点的综合效用评价,并基于投资成本、环境风险、运输效用和区域公平性等方面构建了铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置模型,为了有效解决多站点、多需求、多区域、多目标铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置模型因素复杂、规模大、层次多的问题,提出了运用大系统分解协调的多目标遗传算法求解模型的思路。     

小井眼双阶梯水平井摩阻分析及降摩阻技术

阶梯水平井作为一种特殊水平井,是开采低渗透、薄油藏的有效途径,然而,针对小井眼双阶梯水平井,由于钻具重量有限,定向滑动钻进过程中,钻压的施加极为困难,直接关系到钻井安全。分析了小井眼双阶梯水平井摩阻产生的原因,形成了以改善接触正压力和摩擦系数为主的小井眼双阶梯水平井降摩阻配套技术,并进行了现场应用。结果表明,通过简化井身结构,增加下部钻具的柔性,改善钻具与井眼之间的间隙,优化井眼轨道类型、靶前位移及造斜率,采用强抑制低摩阻低伤害暂堵钻井液体系等配套技术措施,可降低钻井过程中的摩阻,在确保安全钻井情况下,能有效地提高机械钻速,成功实现地质钻探目的,平均砂岩钻遇率为70.4%,为小井眼双阶梯水平井提供借鉴作用。     

基于应力调查分析的环境应力筛选优化方法

文章针对GJB1032-1990<电子产品环境应力筛选方法>提供的环境应力筛选方法在实际应用中的筛选能力不足的问题,介绍了一种基于应力调查分析的优化方法,通过在加固计算机生产中的实际应用,证明此方法对提高产品缺陷筛选剔除率具有非常明显的作用.     

Estimating Water Budgets and Vertical Leakages for Karst Lakes in North‐Central Florida (United States) Via Hydrological Modeling1

Lin, Zhulu, 2011. Estimating Water Budgets and Vertical Leakages for Karst Lakes in North‐Central Florida (United States) Via Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00513.x Abstract: Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are closely hydrologically connected karst lakes located in north‐central Florida, United States. The complex karst hydrology in this region poses a great challenge to the hydrological modeling that is essential to the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads for these lakes. We used a Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran model coupled with the parallel Parameter ESTimation model calibration and uncertainty analysis software to estimate effectively the hydrological interactions between the lakes and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer and the water budgets for these three lakes. The net results of the lake‐groundwater interactions in Newnans and Orange Lakes are that both lakes recharge the underlying upper Floridan aquifer, with the recharge rate of the latter one magnitude greater than that of the former. However, for Lochloosa Lake, the net lake‐groundwater interaction is that the lake gains water from groundwater in a significant amount, approximately 40% of its total terrestrial water input. The annual average vertical leakages estimated for Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are 6.0 × 10⁶, ?8.9 × 10⁶, and 44.4 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. The average vertical hydraulic conductance (K_v/b) of the units between a lake bottom and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer in this region are also estimated to be from 1.26 × 10^?4 to 1.01 × 10^?3 day^?1.     

Incorporating low-resolution historic species location data decreases performance of distribution models

Developing robust species distribution models is important as model outputs are increasingly being incorporated into conservation policy and management decisions. A largely overlooked component of model assessment and refinement is whether to include historic species occurrence data in distribution models to increase the data sample size. Data of different temporal provenance often differ in spatial accuracy and precision. We test the effect of inclusion of historic coarse-resolution occurrence data on distribution model outputs for 187 species of birds in Australian tropical savannas. Models using only recent (after 1990), fine-resolution data had significantly higher model performance scores measured with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) than models incorporating both fine- and coarse-resolution data. The drop in AUC score is positively correlated with the total area predicted to be suitable for the species (R² = 0.163-0.187, depending on the environmental predictors in the model), as coarser data generally leads to greater predicted areas. The remaining unexplained variation is likely to be due to the covariate errors resulting from resolution mismatch between species records and environmental predictors. We conclude that decisions regarding data use in species distribution models must be conscious of the variation in predictions that mixed-scale datasets might cause.     

Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S.1

Villarini, Gabriele, James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Witold F. Krajewski, 2011. Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):447‐463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00540.x Abstract: Annual maximum peak discharge time series from 196 stream gage stations with a record of at least 75 years from the Midwest United States is examined to study flood peak distributions from a regional point of view. The focus of this study is to evaluate: (1) “mixtures” of flood peak distributions, (2) upper tail and scaling properties of the flood peak distributions, and (3) presence of temporal nonstationarities in the flood peak records. Warm season convective systems are responsible for some of the largest floods in the area, in particular in Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. Spring events associated with snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow are common in the northern part of the study domain. Nonparametric tests are used to investigate the presence of abrupt and slowly varying changes. Change‐points rather than monotonic trends are responsible for most violations of the stationarity assumption. The abrupt changes in flood peaks can be associated with anthropogenic changes, such as changes in land use/land cover, agricultural practice, and construction of dams. The trend analyses do not suggest an increase in the flood peak distribution due to anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the upper tail and scaling properties of the flood peak distributions are examined by means of the location, scale, and shape parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution.     

辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价

2008年10月,2009年5月和8月分别对辽河口湿地土壤进行分层取样,利用GC-FID技术定量分析PAH含量.结果表明,不同站位表层土壤中PAHs总量变化范围为268.7-2853.8 ng·g<'-1>,平均值为1241.9ng·g<'-1>.2008年10月份土壤PAHs以高环为主,2009年5月和8月均是以低环...     

铅在搬迁企业原址场地土壤中的空间分布及生态风险

对重庆市某实施搬迁的烧结厂原址场地土壤中的铅进行了测定.采用富集系数法,研究了该企业原址场地土壤中铅的空间分布;采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,评价了土壤铅的生态风险.研究表明,土壤总铅含量在23.4-8.90×10<'3>mg·kg<'-1>之间,其最大含量严重超过国家相应标准(HJ350-2007).土壤铅...