城市建筑废物产量估算与预测方法——以海南省为例

文章首先构建了基于建筑面积和产废系数的城市建筑废物产量估算方法体系,进而在二次曲线回归、指数趋势模型、灰色GM(1,1)模型和BP神经网络4种单项预测模型的基础上,建立了以预测有效度为准则的变权重组合模型,以揭示城市建筑废物未来变化趋势。以海南省为例计算和预测了2001-2020年城市建筑废物产量,结果显示:(1)2001-2010年海南省建筑废物总量从219.1万t增加到813.5万t,年平均增长率为12.7%,拆除建筑废物约占建筑废物总产量的70%;(2)2015年海南省建筑废物总量将达到1 621万t,2020年较之增加71.4%,将达到2 769万t;(3)变权重组合预测模型预测有效度好、精度高、误差小,优于4种单项预测模型。预测结果将为海南省建筑废物的处理处置、资源化和综合管理提供科学依据。     

A/O-MBR处理餐饮废水过程中DOM特性解析

借助凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对厌氧微网与好氧平板膜-生物反应器(A/O-MBR)联合处理餐饮废水过程中各阶段的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质进行研究。分子量研究表明:好氧段污泥滤液的GFC谱图中在10 min以前有大分子物质析出,分析是微生物代谢产物;且随着处理过程的进行水样DOM中的分子量分布范围不断变宽。EEM光谱研究表明:进水、好氧段出水、好氧段污泥滤液的DOM中的2种主要荧光物质为高激发波长类色氨酸和可见区类富里酸,而厌氧段出水中仅有高激发波长类色氨酸,且峰强较强。同时,厌氧段出水中在形成可见区类富里酸的区域内有成峰趋势,分析是由较强的类色氨酸峰的掩蔽作用造成的。好氧段污泥EPS中存在3个明显的荧光峰,指示了色氨酸和腐殖酸的存在。     

基于熵权物元可拓模型的城市大气质量评价

本文分析城市大气环境的多耦合性与复杂动态性,识别城市环境质量中评价主体及环境要素的不确定性;确定城市大气污染评价因子及其评价等级的界定;实现可拓论经典集合中"属于"和"不属于"集合的定性描述扩展到精准定量描述,并将可拓工程方法与聚类分析相结合,依据大气质量等级标准和大气质量影响因子构造经典域物元和节域物元;实现关联函数逻辑域由(0,1)到(-∞,+∞)的扩展;并采用层次分析法(AHP)确定特征加权,建立变权可拓论的大气质量评价模型。新模型不仅可以体现大气质量整体等级水平,而且通过质量与等级的关联度可以辨识影响大气质量的主次要污染因子。以阜新市2010年大气环境质量为应用评价对象,将应用评价结果与上海大气质量指数法、模糊综合评判法的结果比较,给出新模型在大气质量评价应用中的适用性。     

基于CW-MECN的冷却塔拆除爆破安全风险评价

为了对冷却塔拆除爆破过程进行安全风险评价,实现对各类影响因素的动态分析,融合信息熵理论、层次分析法和集对分析理论,提出了一种组合权重(CW)与多元联系数(MECN)的拆除爆破安全风险态势评价体系,从现场安全管理、拆除爆破方案设计、爆破施工过程管理和爆区作业环境4个方面,选取17个评价指标,建立了拆除爆破安全风险评价模型。以某电厂冷却塔拆除爆破工程为例,对建立的安全风险评价模型进行了应用。结果表明,该方法实现了冷却塔拆除爆破过程中的静态风险态势和动态风险趋势的综合评价,评价结果为此类拆除爆破施工提供了决策依据,有效弥补了现有评价方法的不足。     

基于AHP-熵权法的城市燃气管道风险评价*

为全面、客观地评价城市燃气管道风险,提出1种基于AHP-熵权法的城市燃气管道风险评价模型。该模型基于风险评价理论,结合管道失效可能性与后果严重性,构建包含105个评价底因素的城市燃气管道风险评价指标体系。针对城市燃气管道风险因素的复杂性和模糊性,引入模糊数学思想和方法,结合AHP和熵权法确定评价指标的综合权重,再运用模糊综合评价法和风险分析矩阵评估燃气管道风险等级。结果表明:该评价模型风险评价结果与实际情况相符,可为城市燃气管道风险预警与管理提供依据。     

基于熵权法-TOPSIS的冶金企业作业循环更新研究

为更加合理、客观地制定安全操作规程更新周期,切实保障冶金工业人员作业安全,本文以安全管理原理和作业循环检查规范为依据,采用危险与可操作性分析方法(HAZOP),系统辨识某冶金高炉车间岗位人员操作行为;通过资料分析,建立典型操作程序信息表,选用风险发生次数、受伤程度、经济损失、作业次数4个指标作为综合评价依据;将熵权法与逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)结合,确定客观权重,并分析操作偏差危害程度与最劣方案的贴近程度,确定各操作规程更新周期为月检、季检、半年检、年检。结果表明:模型排序与现实情况相符,检查更新周期有效规范人员操作偏差,扩展作业循环分析规范的适用性。     

Physical and motor development in male and female rat offspring prenatally exposed to gamma radiation

Abstract

The effects of radiation on physical and motor development of male and female rats exposed to ionizing radiation in utero were studied. Rats were exposed to three different doses of radiation (150 rad, 15 rad and 6.8 rad, considered as high, moderate and low doses of radiation respectively) on the 20th day of prenatal life. Exposure to 150 rad contributed to significantly lower body weights of both male and female rat offspring. Upper jaw tooth eruption was delayed in 150 rad treated male offspring, as well as in 15 rad and 150 rad treated female offspring. Cliff‐avoidance response was delayed in 6.8 rad, 15 rad, and 150 rad treated male offspring; and 150 rad treated female offspring. Lower jaw tooth eruption, eye opening, and crawling were not affected by radiation in male or female animals. Results indicate that radiation affected the developmental parameters of both male and female rat offspring, and sex of the offspring played no role in the magnitude of radiation induced damages.     

Annual production and molecular weight as an influential factor for environmental distribution of chemicals — a case study in Japan

The changes promoted by treatment of a highly polluted soil with sulphuric acid or calcium hydroxide for changing its pH value are studied by controlling physical properties (particle size, TGA and DTA curves), evolution of metal species (exchangeable, as carbonates, related to Fe‐Mn oxides, linked to organic matter and residual) and metal uptake by plant cultures. Metal contents were determined, after wet digestion with HF—HNO₃—HC1O₄ when necessary, by AAS (Ca, Mg, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Zn) or emission (Na, K). The treatment of soil with successive amounts of sulphuric leads to changes in particle size, hydration properties and exothermic peak for organic matter combustion. Very small changes were, however, detected in the alkaline treatment of soil. Soil treatments do not have practical influence on speciation of some metals (Na, K, Mg, Pb, Mn, Fe), but the intensity of the acid treatment leads to both an increase in the Cu extraction and a decrease in the Ca solubilization, probably through gypsum formation. In the case of zinc a maximum solubility in the middle of the range of acid treatment was observed. The comparison among extractants shows solubilities high for two pollutants (Pb, Cu), associated mainly to Fe—Mn oxides and organic matter, and low for two macrocomponents (Fe, K). The rest of metals, basically present in soil as carbonates or oxides, have intermediate extractions. Pot cultures weights depended mainly on both the treatment of soil (poor development in the more acid sample and drainage difficulties in the rest of acid treatments) and the situation (very low weights in laboratory runs as compared with outside), but the irrigation with water or a diluted sulphuric acid solution (at pH = 4.0) did not produce significant weight changes. Tendencies to increase plant pollution were observed for smaller soil pH, acid irrigation and probably for outside cultures, due to uptake by leaves.     

Plant matter decomposition in the upper timberline ecotone of the Polar Urals

A relatively high biological activity of soils has been revealed at the upper timberline in the Polar Urals. The role of the altitudinal gradient as a factor of destruction process has distinctly manifested itself upon comparing decomposition rates of flowering plant foliage and herbaceous plant roots in the forest and in the tundra. The qualitative composition of decomposing plant matter has also proved to play a significant role. The soil moisture regime of the ecotope is the leading factor of the destruction process.