Pulverization of waste printed circuit boards

A new pulverization method to reduce the volume of waste printed circuit boards is reported. About 50% of printed circuit boards with integrate circuits (ICs) could be pulverized by our method in one 20-min batch, but boards without ICs could not be pulverized. By repeating the process three times, about 95% of printed circuit boards with ICs could be made into a fine powder with particles less than 106µm. A weight-drop test was also performed to examine the strength of the printed circuit boards and clarify the mechanism of pulverization. When a weight was dropped on the solder-welding side of the board ruptures occurred more easily than when the weight was dropped on the IC-mounted side. With a heavy weight, the IC was fractured more easily when the potential energy was low. Where the stress was concentrated, two types of rupture location were found on printed circuit boards with ICs. One was where the IC was connected to the printed circuit board. The other was where the surface had undulations. It also became clear that the fracture of printed circuit boards depends on the impacting weight rather than on the potential energy.     

太湖西段入湖河流水质模糊综合评价

针对引起太湖富营养化的主要因素,以实测数据为基础,应用定性与定量、客观与主观相结合的模糊数学改进层次分析法(IAHP)确定权重,同时求出各水质级别的模糊隶属函数并计算相应的隶属度,最后应用模糊综合评判对太湖西段13条入湖河流断面的水质进行评价.结果表明,其中8条属于V类水体,从隶属度看其中5条污染最为严重.本研究为太湖入湖河流的治理方案、投资决策等的制定提供科学依据.     

Fuzzy-AHP在LNG接收站风险辨识中的应用

笔者以液化天然气(LNG)接受站的生产工艺、设备、作业环境的特点为背景,提出一种基于模糊层次分析方法(Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process)的风险评估方法。首先,根据LNG接收站风险事故多层次、多因素及不确定的特点,结合本行业的安全标准,确立了LNG接受站的风险因素和评价指标,建立接受站的安全评价体系;随后,运用Fuzzy-AHP方法确定权重矢量和模糊评价矩阵,并通过模糊运算求出决策矢量,实现对风险因素的排序以达到风险辨识目的;最后,对国内某LNG站进行了实例计算。计算表明该接收站的硬件设施完善,但应加强风险管理,制定相应的措施应对因气候条件、储罐区管理不当及船舶安全保护不到位等引发的事故。结果表明基于LNG站的Fuzzy-AHP风险辨识模型的安全性综合评价是有效的。     

沸石床多级生物膜焦化废水处理系统的NH+4-N去除稳定性研究

焦化废水处理中预处理蒸氨工艺不稳定容易引起生物处理出水NH⁺₄-N的波动,为了在有机物去除的同时提高生物系统对NH⁺₄-N的去除效果和稳定性,采用对NH⁺₄-N有良好吸附性能的天然斜发沸石为生物填料构建沸石床多级生物膜系统,考察了进水负荷对系统运行稳定性的影响、抗冲击负荷能力以及系统的功能分区和污染物迁移转化规律.结果表明,当系统进水NH⁺₄-N负荷≤0.21 kg/(m³·d)、COD负荷≤1.35　kg/(m³·d)时,出水NH⁺₄-N和COD的平均浓度分别为(2.2±1.2)mg/L和(228±60)mg/L,平均去除率分别达(99.1±0.5)%和(86.0±2.6)%.在低、高两次NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷［0.03　kg/(m³·d)和0.06　kg/(m³·d)］条件下,系统对NH⁺₄-N的平均去除率仍然分别高达99.0%和92.9%,高于对比系统的96.8%和89.3%,表现出良好的抗NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷性能与处理稳定性.系统好氧单元反应器沿程出现脱碳/硝化功能区(C/N区)和硝化功能区(N区),其中N区的NH⁺₄-N 降解速率为C/N区的2～8倍.系统进水中相对分子质量＜1×10³、 1×10³～1×10⁴、 ＞1×10⁴的TOC浓度分别为227.6、104.8和35.0 mg/L,处理出水中的TOC浓度分别为31.2、 22.9和31.5 mg/L,其中相对分子质量＜1×10³和1×10³～1×10⁴这2个范围的有机物降解良好,出水残余物质主要为相对分子质量＞1×10³的有机物.     

A/O-MBR处理餐饮废水过程中DOM特性解析

借助凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对厌氧微网与好氧平板膜-生物反应器(A/O-MBR)联合处理餐饮废水过程中各阶段的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质进行研究。分子量研究表明:好氧段污泥滤液的GFC谱图中在10 min以前有大分子物质析出,分析是微生物代谢产物;且随着处理过程的进行水样DOM中的分子量分布范围不断变宽。EEM光谱研究表明:进水、好氧段出水、好氧段污泥滤液的DOM中的2种主要荧光物质为高激发波长类色氨酸和可见区类富里酸,而厌氧段出水中仅有高激发波长类色氨酸,且峰强较强。同时,厌氧段出水中在形成可见区类富里酸的区域内有成峰趋势,分析是由较强的类色氨酸峰的掩蔽作用造成的。好氧段污泥EPS中存在3个明显的荧光峰,指示了色氨酸和腐殖酸的存在。     

城市建筑废物产量估算与预测方法——以海南省为例

文章首先构建了基于建筑面积和产废系数的城市建筑废物产量估算方法体系,进而在二次曲线回归、指数趋势模型、灰色GM(1,1)模型和BP神经网络4种单项预测模型的基础上,建立了以预测有效度为准则的变权重组合模型,以揭示城市建筑废物未来变化趋势。以海南省为例计算和预测了2001-2020年城市建筑废物产量,结果显示:(1)2001-2010年海南省建筑废物总量从219.1万t增加到813.5万t,年平均增长率为12.7%,拆除建筑废物约占建筑废物总产量的70%;(2)2015年海南省建筑废物总量将达到1 621万t,2020年较之增加71.4%,将达到2 769万t;(3)变权重组合预测模型预测有效度好、精度高、误差小,优于4种单项预测模型。预测结果将为海南省建筑废物的处理处置、资源化和综合管理提供科学依据。     

基于熵权物元可拓模型的城市大气质量评价

本文分析城市大气环境的多耦合性与复杂动态性,识别城市环境质量中评价主体及环境要素的不确定性;确定城市大气污染评价因子及其评价等级的界定;实现可拓论经典集合中"属于"和"不属于"集合的定性描述扩展到精准定量描述,并将可拓工程方法与聚类分析相结合,依据大气质量等级标准和大气质量影响因子构造经典域物元和节域物元;实现关联函数逻辑域由(0,1)到(-∞,+∞)的扩展;并采用层次分析法(AHP)确定特征加权,建立变权可拓论的大气质量评价模型。新模型不仅可以体现大气质量整体等级水平,而且通过质量与等级的关联度可以辨识影响大气质量的主次要污染因子。以阜新市2010年大气环境质量为应用评价对象,将应用评价结果与上海大气质量指数法、模糊综合评判法的结果比较,给出新模型在大气质量评价应用中的适用性。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the process of mercury release from water body. In this study, the influence of DOM from different sources (DOMR, DOMS and DOMH, extracted from rice straw, compost and humic soil respectively) on mercury reduction was investigated. The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of DOM from each source were determined using ultrafiltration membrane technique and elemental analysis respectively. The result showed that mercury release from DOM-added samples was much lower than the control; the lowest mercury release flux was observed in the treatment of DOMH, 25.02% of the control, followed by DOMS and DOMR, 62.46% and 64.95% of the control, respectively. The higher saturation degree and lower molecular weight of DOMH was responsible for the highest inhibition degree on the mercury release. The link between DOMH, concentration and mercury flux was also estimated and the result showed that mercury flux was increased with DOMH at lower concentration, while decreased with DOMH at higher concentration. Different mechanism dominated the influence of DOM on mercury release with variation of DOM concentration.     

用层次分析法建立京杭大运河苏州高新区段水环境承载力指标体系研究

利用层次分析法理论建立了京杭大运河苏州高新区段的水环境承载力的指标体系,通过专家打分,采用层次分析法计算出了各指标的权重,以定量的形式确定了各指标对水环境承载力的影响大小,为流域水环境承载力的研究提供了参考依据。