鲁北工业生态系统分析

对工业生态系统进行分析可以发现提高和改进工业生态系统效率以及系统结构的潜在机会．以鲁北工业生态系统为例,采用自然生态系统网络分析方法分别从工业生态系统的链网结构、物种绝对刚度、物种对系统的影响强度及系统稳定性等4个方面进行分析．结果表明,在该工业生态系统中,中位种的比例明显偏少;氢气和SO2的绝对刚度最大;硫酸、合成氨和磷酸是系统的主导节点;合成氨的系统刚度最大。     

Decision‐making behaviour during urban search and rescue: a case study of Germany

The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance.     

The role of social support and place attachment during hazard evacuation: the case of Sandy Lake First Nation,Canada

This paper examines how and if the post-disaster distribution of housing assistance in two cities of Bam, in Iran, and Bhuj, in India, fulfilled the broad aim of enabling the stricken population to achieve housing recovery. Drawing on interviews with stricken households and officials as well as document review, the paper provides an account of the housing assistance distribution policies in these cities as they were formed, evolved, interpreted, and implemented as well as the ways they were experienced by disaster-stricken people. The paper investigates who did not receive assistance, who did not recover (yet) despite receiving assistance, and – in contrast to these groups – who recovered/accumulated new assets during the recovery process. While in both cities public policies of assistance distribution expanded the capacity of the majority of the stricken people to recover, they failed to provide a timely and appropriate support for the recovery of lower income groups, tenants, and squatters, in line with their needs and priorities.     

两种经济体制下职业安全管理总结与探讨

分析了我国加入WTO后职业安全管理存在的新情况,认真回顾总结了计划经济体制下的职业安全管理经验,探讨了市场经济体制下的职业安全管理方法,以最大限度地防止或减少各类事故的发生。     

配水管网中与有机物反应的余氯衰减动力学模型

提出一级二级反应组合动力学模型,用大量实验数据拟合模型中的参数,模拟配水管网系统中余氯衰减的水体消耗部分.该模型定量反应了温度T、初始氯浓度c₀和TOC与余氯衰减之间的复杂关系.除初始阶段外,组合模型可简化为一级反应模型;T、TOC和c₀与余氯衰减之间的关系分别可简化为指数关系、正线性关系和负线性关系.该模型较好地解释了余氯衰减在初始阶段进行相对较快这一现象.实验数据验证的结果表明:该组合模型与实验数据吻合良好,优于传统的一级反应模型.     

PCBs在土壤半野外试验系统中迁移与消失的规律

利用构建的土壤半野外试验系统,在接近野外(半干旱气候)条件下,研究高含量(400mg/kg)高氯代PCBs(以五氯代为主)在系统中的迁移与消失规律.结果表明,在处理后的12个月内,PCBs几乎没有迁移,也几乎没有减少;处理24个月后,仅有不超过2%的PCBs向下层迁移,但迁移不超过10cm;在处理24个月后,处理层PCBs的浓度降低10.19%,这其中包含向下迁移的部分该项研究为PCBs的填埋或其它处理措施提供了科学依据,并为PCBs及其类似污染物的生态风险评价提供了基础资料.     

Free radicals and chromosome aberrations in leaves of woody plants as a test system for the genotoxicity of the urban environment

A new method for estimating the genotoxicity of the urban environment is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate in leaves of woody plants. The mutagenicity of the urban environment was estimated using standard test systems, including plant root meristem (kidney beans germinated in water with suspended particles collected at different points along the Temernik River) and the Ames test (silt samples were tested). Sensitivities of elm, willow, and poplar leaf meristem cells to unidentified environmental mutagenes were compared. Frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in leaves of woody plants growing at different points along the Temernik River within the Rostov-on-Don city districts differed from those in the control zone. The frequency of CAs was found to correlate with the concentration of LPO products. This allows a biochemical estimation of the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in woody plants to be used as an express test for the mutagenicity of environmental factors. An advantage of the proposed test is the possibility of monitoring the level of unidentified environmental mutagens over many years, independently of its sporadic temporal variations.     

Consideration of User Needs and Spatial Accuracy in Drought Mapping1

Abstract: The increasing availability of web mapping tools creates new opportunities to bridge decision‐makers’ climate information needs with technical capabilities. These new tools, however, raise familiar, unresolved issues related to cartographic representation. Using an on‐line drought mapping tool, this study seeks to understand which spatial unit best meets the desire drought managers have for “local” information, their comprehension of uncertainties introduced in mapping information at local scales, and their willingness to trade off accuracy for information at a desired unit. We found that the most useful local map information includes regional context and boundaries which present their local area of interest. Even among this experienced, well‐educated, professional group, those who had not taken a GIS or cartography class did not fully recognize the role of interpolation in creating and introducing uncertainty to some drought maps. Those who did recognize the uncertainty introduced by interpolation still strongly favored maps that provided estimated values for all areas vs. station point accuracy. Mapping poses a unique set of challenges to communicating risk and uncertainty. As more decision‐support efforts incorporate web mapping, greater attention is needed to assure that users understand the tradeoffs between accuracy and precision in creating local information, the imprecision of boundaries, as well as the limits of forecasts. Clearly conveying spatial accuracy and uncertainty is a challenge that merits greater attention in using maps to communicate drought and other environmental risk information.