2002～2020年中国河流环境质量演变及驱动因子分析

基于2002～2020年河流环境质量、污染物排放和环境污染治理数据,采用典型相关分析和Spearman相关系数研究我国河流环境质量演变规律及其驱动因子,以期更科学地分析污染物排放和环境污染治理投资对流域环境影响.结果表明,2002～2020年中国河流环境质量得到明显改善,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水占比由29.1%提升至87.4%,劣Ⅴ类水占比由40.9%下降至0.2%;废水排放总量由439.5亿t增加到849.1亿t,城镇生活污水排放量由232.3亿t增加到659.8亿t,工业废水排放量由207.2亿t减少到168亿t,环境治理投资由1 106.6亿元增加到10 638.9亿元.七大流域、浙闽片河流域、西南诸河流域和西北诸河流域Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水比例与工业源污染物排放呈负相关,与环境污染治理投资呈正相关;七大流域、浙闽片河流和西北诸河流域环境质量改善的首要措施是削减工业源污染物排放,污染物削减优先顺序均为：COD>NH⁺₄-N>废水总量;西南诸河流域水环境质量改善的首要措施是增加环境污染治理投资,环境治理投资增加优先顺序为：工业污染源治理投资>城市...     

Creating Pedestrian Crash Scenarios in a Driving Simulator Environment

Objective: In 2012 in the United States, pedestrian injuries accounted for 3.3% of all traffic injuries but, disproportionately, pedestrian fatalities accounted for roughly 14% of traffic-related deaths (NHTSA 2014 NHTSA. Traffic Safety Facts 2012 Pedestrians. Washington, DC: Author; 2014. DOT HS 811 888. [Google Scholar]). In many other countries, pedestrians make up more than 50% of those injured and killed in crashes. This research project examined driver response to crash-imminent situations involving pedestrians in a high-fidelity, full-motion driving simulator. This article presents a scenario development method and discusses experimental design and control issues in conducting pedestrian crash research in a simulation environment. Driving simulators offer a safe environment in which to test driver response and offer the advantage of having virtual pedestrian models that move realistically, unlike test track studies, which by nature must use pedestrian dummies on some moving track.

Methods: An analysis of pedestrian crash trajectories, speeds, roadside features, and pedestrian behavior was used to create 18 unique crash scenarios representative of the most frequent and most costly crash types. For the study reported here, we only considered scenarios where the car is traveling straight because these represent the majority of fatalities. We manipulated driver expectation of a pedestrian both by presenting intersection and mid-block crossing as well as by using features in the scene to direct the driver's visual attention toward or away from the crossing pedestrian. Three visual environments for the scenarios were used to provide a variety of roadside environments and speed: a 20–30 mph residential area, a 55 mph rural undivided highway, and a 40 mph urban area.

Results: Many variables of crash situations were considered in selecting and developing the scenarios, including vehicle and pedestrian movements; roadway and roadside features; environmental conditions; and characteristics of the pedestrian, driver, and vehicle. The driving simulator scenarios were subjected to iterative testing to adjust time to arrival triggers for the pedestrian actions. This article discusses the rationale behind creating the simulator scenarios and some of the procedural considerations for conducting this type of research.

Conclusions: Crash analyses can be used to construct test scenarios for driver behavior evaluations using driving simulators. By considering trajectories, roadway, and environmental conditions of real-world crashes, representative virtual scenarios can serve as safe test beds for advanced driver assistance systems. The results of such research can be used to inform pedestrian crash avoidance/mitigation systems by identifying driver error, driver response time, and driver response choice (i.e., steering vs. braking).     

基于三维福利的城市生态福利强度及驱动模式——以长三角地区为例

基于2000—2017年长三角城市生态消耗和福利水平,分析生态福利强度时空演化过程及驱动模式。研究发现：长三角地区城市生态福利强度不断降低,多以低强度类型为主,城市生态系统服务的生态效率得以提高;空间演化上表现为外围地市的生态福利强度低于核心地市,较低和低强度类型范围呈现由四周向中心地区蔓延态势,中高强度类型主要分布在资源型、工业密集型地市;驱动因素中资源消耗效应、技术效应及福利效应对城市生态福利强度表现为显著的正向驱动效应,效率效应和经济效应的增强导致城市生态福利强度的降低,环境消耗效应和规模效应驱动作用不显著。据此,城市福利生态强度的驱动模式可划分为单因素支配型、双因素主导型、三因素协同型及四因素均衡型。     

咸宁市咸安区耕地资源变化态势与对策

耕地的减少是咸宁市咸安区面临的一个主要问题.在分析1949～2000年咸安区耕地变化的基础上,应用相关分析法分析了近10年来引起该区耕地变化的原因:人口增加、经济发展及土地管理政策等,并提出了严格控制人口增长,控制城市规模,加强土地管理,切实保护耕地及建立耕地流转制度以推动适度规模经营等措施.     

A Random,Roadside Breathalyzer Survey of Alcohol Impaired Driving in Ghana

To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of alcohol impaired driving in an African nation, we conducted a random, roadside, breathalyzer survey of drivers in Ghana. A total of 149 (21%) of 722 drivers tested had a detectable blood alcohol concentration (BAC). In addition, 7.3% of drivers had a BAC ≥ 80 mg/dl. The prevalence of impaired driving (BAC ≥ 80) was higher among private drivers (9.8%) than commercial drivers (6.4%). However, due to a higher volume, the majority (64%) of impaired drivers were commercial drivers. Alcohol use was higher among uneducated (11%) compared to educated drivers (5.4%) and was higher among middle aged drivers (30 - 49 years, 9.1% impaired) compared with younger (< 30 years; 5.0%) or older drivers (≥ 50 years; 0%). Alcohol impaired driving is a significant problem in this African nation. Anti-drunk driving measures should be an important component of road safety efforts. Such measures may need to be different than industrialized nations and will need to target less educated drivers, middle aged drivers, and commercial drivers.     

驾驶人疲劳监测预警技术研究与应用综述

基于各种物理传感器的疲劳驾驶监测预警技术(DFMP),是交通安全领域的研究重点。这类技术主要包括基于驾驶人生理特征、车辆运行状态以及驾驶人行为特征的疲劳监测。分析论述各种疲劳监测技术的研究现状与进展、优缺点以及应用状况,介绍目前世界上常用的疲劳监测系统。通过分析比较得出:车道偏离监测、车辆运动参数监测、基于人眼、头部运动以及面部状态的疲劳监测等是目前的热点研究方向;系统软硬件的提升、基于机器视觉的多传感器多参数信息融合等是疲劳监测技术重要的发展趋势;更强的实时性、准确性和鲁棒性是疲劳监测技术的发展目标。     

A Vibroacoustic Diagnostic System as an Element Improving Road Transport Safety

Mechanical defects of a vehicle driving system can be dangerous on the road. Diagnostic systems, which monitor operations of electric and electronic elements and devices of vehicles, are continuously developed and improved, while defects of mechanical systems are still not managed properly. This article proposes supplementing existing on-board diagnostics with a system of diagnosing selected defects to minimize their impact. It presents a method of diagnosing mechanical defects of the engine, gearbox and other elements of the driving system on the basis of a model of the vibration signal obtained adaptively. This method is suitable for engine valves, engine head gasket, main gearbox, joints, etc.     

The Impact of Mobile Data Terminal Use on Posture and Low-Back Discomfort When Combined With Simulated Prolonged Driving in Police Cruisers

The introduction of mobile computing within a constrained vehicle environment has led to changes in the task demands of occupational groups such as professional drivers and law enforcement officers. The purpose of this study was to examine how mobile data terminal (MDT) use interacts with prolonged driving to induce postural changes or low-back discomfort. Eighteen participants (9 male, 9 female) completed two 120-min simulated driving sessions. Time-varying lumbar spine and pelvis postures, seat pan interface pressures and ratings of perceived discomfort were recorded at 15-min intervals. The introduction of a computer interface decreased pelvic posterior rotation by an average of 15° with respect to upright standing and increased peak average discomfort in the neck (5.9 mm), left shoulder (6.8 mm), midback (10.9 mm), low back (10.6 mm) and pelvis (11.5 mm) compared to driving alone. The incorporation of mobile computing warrants consideration in the design of vehicle work environments.     

Occupational Cognitive Failure and Its Relationship With Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational cognitive failures (OCFs) and unsafe behaviors, accidents and driving offences among municipal bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. Methods. Systematic random sampling was used to select 190 drivers from 3 transport and traffic Tehran districts. Data were collected with the occupational cognitive failure questionnaire (OCFQ), the driver behavior questionnaire and a data collection form. Results. The mean (SD) numbers of driving-related offences and road traffic accidents were 1.5 (2.6) and 0.37 (1.0), respectively. The mean (SD) numbers of deliberate driving violations, unintended violations, driving slips and mistakes were 6.97 (5.5), 1.61 (1.5), 13.6 (9.0) and 4.53 (3.28), respectively. The mean (SD) number of the OCFs was 28.9 (20.5). A significant correlation was found between occupational cognitive error and unsafe driving behavior subscales. The stepwise logistic regression results showed that, while controlling the effects of confounding factors, the OCF predicts 6%, 9%, 15% and 9% of deliberate violations, unintended violations, driving slips and driving mistakes, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the score of the OCFQ is a predictor of unsafe driving behaviors and its subscales.     

长江三角洲地区耕地数量变化及保护对策——以吴江市为例

长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的地区之一 ,但在经济发展的同时 ,耕地资源却日益减少 ,这将严重影响到我国未来的粮食安全问题。吴江市位于长江三角洲中心位置 ,强大的经济基础和有利的区位条件使土地资源得以高速地开发利用 ,它是长江三角洲地区在耕地数量变化上一个较典型的地区 ,在土地整理方面也进行了成功的尝试。以吴江市为例 ,定性和定量地对耕地数量变化的人文驱动力进行分析 ,得出影响本地耕地数量变化的主要驱动因素为 :工业发展 ,固定资产投资规模扩大和农业产业结构调整。随着经济的发展 ,在这些驱动因素的影响下 ,必然会造成耕地数量的进一步减少。如何保护长江三角洲地区现有的有限的耕地资源 ,实现国家新的《土地管理法》中所要求的耕地总量动态平衡是本地区面临的一个严峻问题。在进行保护对策研究时 ,除了采用通常各地已采取的一些措施外 ,还做了进一步的思考 ,对本地区在实施耕地总量动态平衡过程中、农业产业结构调整存在的问题及本地区如何面对WTO的挑战提出建议