2002～2020年中国河流环境质量演变及驱动因子分析

基于2002～2020年河流环境质量、污染物排放和环境污染治理数据,采用典型相关分析和Spearman相关系数研究我国河流环境质量演变规律及其驱动因子,以期更科学地分析污染物排放和环境污染治理投资对流域环境影响.结果表明,2002～2020年中国河流环境质量得到明显改善,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水占比由29.1%提升至87.4%,劣Ⅴ类水占比由40.9%下降至0.2%;废水排放总量由439.5亿t增加到849.1亿t,城镇生活污水排放量由232.3亿t增加到659.8亿t,工业废水排放量由207.2亿t减少到168亿t,环境治理投资由1 106.6亿元增加到10 638.9亿元.七大流域、浙闽片河流域、西南诸河流域和西北诸河流域Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水比例与工业源污染物排放呈负相关,与环境污染治理投资呈正相关;七大流域、浙闽片河流和西北诸河流域环境质量改善的首要措施是削减工业源污染物排放,污染物削减优先顺序均为：COD>NH⁺₄-N>废水总量;西南诸河流域水环境质量改善的首要措施是增加环境污染治理投资,环境治理投资增加优先顺序为：工业污染源治理投资>城市...     

城市道路养护作业对驾驶员安全驾驶的影响

从市政养护的满意度、驾驶员行为调查以及城市交通标志识别等方面展开调查,发现私家车、公交车和出租车对道路养护作业的满意度存在显著差异,3类车型的驾驶员在安全驾驶行为上也存在明显差异。私家车驾驶员的驾驶失误行为明显高于出租车和公交车驾驶员。违规越多的驾驶员,其驾驶攻击性行为越强。同时道路养护中的常见标志对不同类型的驾驶员产生不同的信息量。私家车驾驶员对于交通标志的理解程度明显高于出租车和公交车驾驶员。     

游客食物浪费行为驱动因素及监测评估

游客食物浪费是中国食物浪费的“重灾区”,给旅游地和区域可持续发展带来严峻挑战。本文运用文献分析法,探讨了游客食物浪费行为驱动因素及监测评估技术。结果表明：（1）消费性与文化性、复杂性与冲动性、必然性与象征性、习惯性与探奇性是游客食物消费行为的主要特征。（2）全球化、工业化、城镇化、传统文化及政策的推动作用,旅游企业运营管理及上下游产业链利益主体的促进作用,游客食物消费的情境性及年龄、收入等因素的引致作用是驱动游客食物浪费行为的重要因素。（3）游客食物浪费量的测度方法有食物日记法、直接测量法、质量平衡法、废物成分分析法、调查统计方法和树形结构模型,其行为评估主要运用问卷、访谈等定性分析,监控方式有采购和库存表、车载车辆称重设备、食品垃圾自动跟踪系统专利技术、智能菜单等。研究结论对推动《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的落地实施、提高相关部门减少游客食物浪费决策的精准性具有借鉴和参考价值。     

浮游微型真核生物群落对电厂温排水增温的响应

浮游微型真核生物作为初级生产者,细菌捕食者和较大型生物寄生者,在维持生态系统稳定中起核心作用.因此,研究浮游微型真核生物对温排水增温的响应对评价近年来大量电厂兴建的环境效应具有重要意义.沿象山港乌沙山电厂温排水水流采集表层水样,利用Illumina技术测定18S r DNA基因研究浮游微型真核生物群落组成.真核浮游生物的主要组成为囊泡虫门(Protalveolata)、纤毛亚门(Ciliophora)、甲藻门(Dinoflagellata)和丝足虫类(Cercozoa).多元回归树分析发现浮游微型真核生物多样性主要受溶解氧、硝态氮和温度的控制.温排水造成的增温梯度显著地改变了浮游微型真核生物的群落组成(Global RANOSIM=0.422,P0.001);反向选择筛选到空间距离、溶解氧、叶绿素a和温度是造成群落变异的主要因子.浮游微型真核生物的空间分布遵循空间距离-群落相似性衰减模型(R=-0.192,P=0.039),周转速率为0.002.此外,筛选到15个敏感的真核生物科,其相对丰度与增温幅度显著相关.重要的是对某一特定的科,其相对丰度随温度的变化与其已知的生态功能相吻合,可以作为评价温排水增温的指示种群.本研究阐明了温排水增温梯度下真核浮游生物群落的空间分布规律,并为评价温排水对微生态效应提供了灵敏的生物学指标.     

高原湖泊周边浅层地下水:氮素时空分布及驱动因素

高原湖泊周边浅层地下水作为当地重要的生产和生活水源之一,由于受到地表氮素投入负荷、降雨和灌溉等因素驱动下,浅层地下水NO^-₃-N污染较为严重,威胁着高原湖泊水质安全.2020～2021年雨季和旱季从云南8个高原湖泊周边农田和居民区的水井中采集了463个浅层地下水样,分析了地下水中氮的污染特征及驱动因素.结果表明,浅层地下水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NO^-₃-N）、ρ（ON）和ρ（NH⁺₄-N）平均值分别为24.35、 15.15、 8.41和0.79 mg·L^-1, 8个湖泊周边近32%的浅层地下水样NO^-₃-N浓度超过地下水Ⅲ类水质要求（GB/T 14848）,其中,洱海、杞麓湖和滇池湖泊周边地下水NO^-₃-N浓度超标率最高,其次是星云湖、阳宗海和异龙湖,最小为抚仙湖和程海.土地利用和季节变化影响着浅层地下水中各形态N浓度及其组成,农田区浅层地下水中各形...     

2015~2019年河南省PM2.5时空特征与驱动因素分析

PM_2.5是雾-霾中的主要成分,河南省已成为PM_2.5污染防治重点地区之一.基于2015～2019年河南省PM_2.5浓度数据,使用空间自相关和空间热点探测方法分析其时空特征,引入地理探测器方法分析气象因素、空气质量因素和社会因素对PM_2.5浓度的解释力度.结果表明,河南省2015～2019年PM_2.5浓度整体呈现降低趋势,高污染天数减少和低污染天数增加,高污染逐步向中污染转化;PM_2.5浓度具备明显的空间聚集特征,全局空间自相关指数先降后升,空间热点集中在豫北地区（安阳市、鹤壁市、新乡市和焦作市）,空间冷点集中在豫西地区（三门峡市、洛阳市和南阳市）;空间重心转移呈现出北上的趋势;单因子探测显示,在9个影响因子中,土地利用类型（解释力度为0.511,下同）、降水量（0.312）和NO₂浓度（0.277）是影响PM_2.5浓度最明显的因子,其余因子影响力排序为PM₁₀浓度（0.255）、温度（0....     

驾驶人疲劳监测预警技术研究与应用综述

基于各种物理传感器的疲劳驾驶监测预警技术(DFMP),是交通安全领域的研究重点。这类技术主要包括基于驾驶人生理特征、车辆运行状态以及驾驶人行为特征的疲劳监测。分析论述各种疲劳监测技术的研究现状与进展、优缺点以及应用状况,介绍目前世界上常用的疲劳监测系统。通过分析比较得出:车道偏离监测、车辆运动参数监测、基于人眼、头部运动以及面部状态的疲劳监测等是目前的热点研究方向;系统软硬件的提升、基于机器视觉的多传感器多参数信息融合等是疲劳监测技术重要的发展趋势;更强的实时性、准确性和鲁棒性是疲劳监测技术的发展目标。     

Occupational Cognitive Failure and Its Relationship With Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational cognitive failures (OCFs) and unsafe behaviors, accidents and driving offences among municipal bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. Methods. Systematic random sampling was used to select 190 drivers from 3 transport and traffic Tehran districts. Data were collected with the occupational cognitive failure questionnaire (OCFQ), the driver behavior questionnaire and a data collection form. Results. The mean (SD) numbers of driving-related offences and road traffic accidents were 1.5 (2.6) and 0.37 (1.0), respectively. The mean (SD) numbers of deliberate driving violations, unintended violations, driving slips and mistakes were 6.97 (5.5), 1.61 (1.5), 13.6 (9.0) and 4.53 (3.28), respectively. The mean (SD) number of the OCFs was 28.9 (20.5). A significant correlation was found between occupational cognitive error and unsafe driving behavior subscales. The stepwise logistic regression results showed that, while controlling the effects of confounding factors, the OCF predicts 6%, 9%, 15% and 9% of deliberate violations, unintended violations, driving slips and driving mistakes, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the score of the OCFQ is a predictor of unsafe driving behaviors and its subscales.     

The Impact of Mobile Data Terminal Use on Posture and Low-Back Discomfort When Combined With Simulated Prolonged Driving in Police Cruisers

The introduction of mobile computing within a constrained vehicle environment has led to changes in the task demands of occupational groups such as professional drivers and law enforcement officers. The purpose of this study was to examine how mobile data terminal (MDT) use interacts with prolonged driving to induce postural changes or low-back discomfort. Eighteen participants (9 male, 9 female) completed two 120-min simulated driving sessions. Time-varying lumbar spine and pelvis postures, seat pan interface pressures and ratings of perceived discomfort were recorded at 15-min intervals. The introduction of a computer interface decreased pelvic posterior rotation by an average of 15° with respect to upright standing and increased peak average discomfort in the neck (5.9 mm), left shoulder (6.8 mm), midback (10.9 mm), low back (10.6 mm) and pelvis (11.5 mm) compared to driving alone. The incorporation of mobile computing warrants consideration in the design of vehicle work environments.     

A Vibroacoustic Diagnostic System as an Element Improving Road Transport Safety

Mechanical defects of a vehicle driving system can be dangerous on the road. Diagnostic systems, which monitor operations of electric and electronic elements and devices of vehicles, are continuously developed and improved, while defects of mechanical systems are still not managed properly. This article proposes supplementing existing on-board diagnostics with a system of diagnosing selected defects to minimize their impact. It presents a method of diagnosing mechanical defects of the engine, gearbox and other elements of the driving system on the basis of a model of the vibration signal obtained adaptively. This method is suitable for engine valves, engine head gasket, main gearbox, joints, etc.