掘进面多级气相压裂卸压抽采防突研究*

为解决煤层赋存条件复杂、煤体渗透率低、部分区域突出易发性高等问题,提出运用多级气相压裂的方案在阳泉矿区新元矿31004工作面辅助回风巷与进风巷进行压裂试验,以考察其卸压增透效果;在试验巷道的不同区段实施单孔压裂和双孔压裂,并采用“压裂抽采”和“压后即掘”2种工作循环方式进行试验;基于对多项抽采参数的实测结果,从多角度评价多级气相压裂效果。结果表明:多级气相压裂具有明显的重启裂缝与扩张裂缝作用,能够有效改善煤体的渗透性和瓦斯抽采条件;通过对比单孔压裂与双孔压裂效果,并结合现场监测数据发现,双孔多级压裂的效果明显优于单孔多级压裂,双孔多级压裂钻孔作业难度低,且作业后瓦斯更易抽采;观测不同的工作循环方式未见明显差距,但“压后即掘”的工作效率明显更高。多级气相压裂的成功实施,对该技术在低渗矿区的防突消突与瓦斯抽采工作中的应用具有重要指导意义。     

“Like it’s wrong,but it’s not that wrong:” Exploring the normalization of risk-compensatory strategies among young drivers engaging in illegal smartphone use

Introduction: Young drivers are the most vulnerable road users and most likely to use a smartphone illegally while driving. Although when compared with drink-driving, attitudes to illegal smartphone risk are nearly identical, smartphone use among young drivers continues to increase. Method: Four in-depth focus groups were conducted with 13 young (18–25 years) drivers to gain insight into their perceptions of the risks associated with the behavior. Our aim was to determine how drivers navigate that risk and if their behavior shapes and informs perceptions of norms. Results: Three key themes emerged: (a) participants perceived illegal smartphone use as commonplace, easy, and benign; (b) self-regulatory behaviors that compensate for risk are pervasive among illegal smartphone users; and (c) risk-compensation strategies rationalize risks and perceived norms, reducing the seriousness of transgression when compared with drink-driving. Young drivers rationalized their own use by comparing their selfregulatory smartphone and driving skills with those of “bad drivers,” not law abiders. Practical Applications: These findings suggest that smartphone behaviors shape attitudes to risk, highlighting the importance for any countermeasure aimed at reducing illegal use to acknowledge how a young person’s continued engagement in illegal smartphone use is justified by the dynamic composition of use, risk assessment and the perceived norms.     

Exploring relationships between microscopic kinetic parameters of tires under normal driving conditions,road characteristics and accident types

IntroductionFreeway accidents are a leading cause of death in China, which also triggers substantial economic loss and an emotional burden to society. However, the internal mechanism of how microscopic kinetic parameters of vehicles influenced by road characteristics determine the occurrence of different types of accidents has not been explicitly studied. This research aimed to explore the “link role” of tire microscopic kinetic parameters in road characteristic variables and traffic accidents to aid in facilitating the traffic design and management, and thus to prevent traffic accident. Method: A mountain freeway in Zhejiang Province, China was used as the research object and the data used in this paper were obtained through a real-time vehicle experiment. Multiple estimation models, including the standard ordered logit (SOL) model, fixed parameters logit (FPL) model, and random parameters logit (RPL) model were established. Results: The findings show that road characteristics will affect the longitudinal kinetic characteristics of the vehicle and, consequently, map the level of risk of rear-end accidents. Driving compensation effects were also identified in this paper (i.e., the drivers tend to be more cautious in complicated driving circumstances). Another finding relating to the mountain freeway is that different tunnel characteristics (e.g., tunnel entrance and tunnel exit) have different effects on different types of traffic accidents. Practical Applications: The framework proposed in this article can provide new insight for researchers to enlarge the research subjects of both explanatory and outcome variables in accident analysis. Future research could be implemented to consider more driving conditions.     

Changes in distribution patterns of weed species richness in agricultural lands on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under climate change北大核心CSCD

农田杂草是阻碍农业生产的主要因素之一.明确农田杂草丰富度分布格局对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以青藏高原农田杂草为研究对象,利用物种分布模型探讨基于县域尺度的农田杂草物种丰富度分布格局及其未来(2050s)的变化,利用逐步回归筛选影响物种丰富度的环境因子,基于传统最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析环境因子对农田杂草物种丰富度的影响,并对两种分析方法进行比较.结果显示:(1)分布在青藏高原的农田主要杂草有51科284种,其中59种单子叶杂草、222种双子叶杂草、135种一年生杂草和149种多年生杂草.青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度呈由西向东递增的变化规律,物种丰富度中心(丰富度值为167-194)主要集中在一江两河、河湟谷地和川西北等地区;(2)全球气候变化背景下,未来(2050s)青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度整体呈由东南向西北方向增加的趋势,其中SSP1-2.6情境下最多增加43种,SSP5-8.5情境下最多增加49种;(3)GWR模型优于OLS,其结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度的主要驱动因子是最冷季平均温、太阳辐射和最干月降水量,上述变量对杂草丰富度的影响存在明显的空间差异性,其中最冷季平均温由南向北逐渐从负向影响转变为正向影响.太阳辐射整体在青藏高原东部边缘等地区对农田杂草丰富度起正向的影响,在藏东南、青藏高原北部边缘等地区起负向的影响.最干月降水量对整个研究区域起负向影响,并表现出影响力由南向北逐步递增的趋势.上述结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度调查不足,实际观测到的丰富度值明显低于当前气候下潜在的丰富度值,存在低估现象.当前气候背景下的农田杂草物种丰富度中心分布地区在未来仍是重点监管对象,且未来青藏高原部分地区作物可能面临新的杂草入侵风险.建议未来研究应注重于青藏高原粮食主产区农田杂草群落结构和功能调查、杂草和作物种间关系、耕地尺度上丰富度驱动因子分析等方面,为区域杂草管理和防治提供充分科学依据.(图6表2参53)     

苏州市非农用地扩展的驱动因素时空变化研究

利用1984—2003年间4个时段的TM影像解译获得该时期苏州市非农用地扩张变化规律,并结合大量的社会经济资料,定量分析了过去20 a间苏州市非农用地扩张与社会经济因素的关系,筛选出非农用地高速增长的主导驱动因素,揭示了主导驱动力在不同时期的时空变化规律。结果表明,非农用地扩张的社会经济驱动因素随社会经济发展的不同阶段而显著变化,GDP、上海对苏州的经济辐射作用和人口增长是过去20 a间苏州市非农用地急剧扩张的3个主要驱动力。     

中国森林生态安全空间关联的网络特征及其驱动机制

提高森林生态安全的整体水平,是生态文明建设和林业可持续发展的必然选择。在对2009—2018年中国省际森林生态安全进行定量测度的基础上,利用修正的引力模型计算省际间的空间关联关系,并运用社会网络分析法探究其网络特征及驱动机制。结果表明：（1）中国森林生态安全的空间关联网络整体具有较好的通达性和显著的等级性,但关联强度和稳定性较低。（2）中国森林生态安全空间关联网络呈现出明显的“中心—外围”格局,山东、河南、湖北、湖南等省份处于网络中心位置,发挥重要的中介作用。（3）中国森林生态安全的空间关联网络可划分为经纪人、净溢出、净受益、双向溢出四个板块,并呈现板块内集聚为主、板块间关联为辅的空间关联特征。（4）经济发展差异、林业产业结构差异、城镇化水平差异、林业生态建设投入差异、森林资源禀赋差异对中国森林生态安全空间关联网络的形成具有弱负向的驱动作用,地理邻接关系对其具有强正向的驱动作用。     

2000～2021年成渝城市群PM2.5时空变化及驱动机制多维探测

研究成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度时空变化和驱动机制，对区域大气环境保护和国家经济可持续发展具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5遥感数据、 DEM数据、基于站点的气象数据、 MODIS NDVI数据、人口密度数据、夜间灯光数据、路网数据和土地利用类型数据，采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验等方法，结合地理探测器，在多时空尺度上分析成渝城市群PM_2.5时空变化，并探测影响其变化的驱动机制.结果表明，2000～2021年成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度整体呈波动下降态势，冬季PM_2.5污染最为突出.PM_2.5浓度具有明显的空间异质性，呈现出“中间高，四周低”的空间分布特征，PM_2.5浓度高值区主要集中在自贡、内江、资阳和广安，PM_2.5浓度呈显著下降的区域主要集中在重庆西部等地.因子探测结果表明，成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度空间分异受气候、地形、植被和人文因子共同影响.高程、...