基于加权叠加模型的高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别——以星云湖流域为例

生态用地在维持区域生态平衡和保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。以云南星云湖流域为研究区,运用层次分析法和GIS技术,从水土保持、地质灾害规避与防护、生物多样性保护和水资源安全4个方面,构建了流域重要生态用地识别指标及其识别方法,并识别出流域重要生态用地空间分布。结果表明:(1)加权叠加模型更适用于高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别;(2)根据生态用地重要性分为核心型、辅助型、过渡型和非重要生态用地,面积分别为75.98 km~2、105.05 km~2、89.47 km~2和65.11 km~2,分别占流域生态用地总面积的22.64%、31.30%、26.66%和19.40%。识别结果能较好地反映重要生态用地维护流域的生态安全。以星云湖流域作为高原湖泊流域的典型,为高原湖泊生态保护提供科学方向,以期协调流域经济发展与生态保护的矛盾,促进可持续发展。     

Plant steroid hormones produced under Ni stress are involved in the regulation of metal uptake and oxidative stress in Brassica juncea L

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in the amelioration of various biotic and abiotic stresses. With an aim to explore the role of BRs under heavy metal stress, plants of Brassica juncea L. were grown in pots. The plants were subjected to various concentrations of Nickel metal (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mM) and harvested on 60th day in order to observe the expression of these hormones. The isolated BRs from the leaves of Brassica plants characterized by GC-MS include 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL), Castasterone, Dolicholide and Typhasterole. The effect of isolated 24-EBL was studied on Ni metal uptake and antioxidative defense system in 60 d old plants of Brassica. It was observed that 24-EBL significantly increased the activities of stress ameliorating enzymes and lowered the metal uptake in plants. This is the first report in B. juncea L. plants showing the expression of BRs under metal treatments and effect of the isolated 24-EBL on metal uptake and in oxidative stress management.     

Baseline assessment for environmental services payments from satellite imagery: a case study from Costa Rica and Mexico

In this study we evaluate the accuracy of four global and regional forest cover assessments (MODIS, IGBP, GLC2000, PROARCA) as tools for baseline estimation. We conduct this research at the national scale for Costa Rica and for two tropical dry forest study sites in Costa Rica (Santa Rosa) and Mexico (Chamela-Cuixmala). We found that at the national level, the total forest cover accuracy of the four land cover maps was inflated due to an overestimation of forest in areas with an evergreen canopy. However, the four maps greatly underestimated the extent of the deciduous forest (dry forest); an ecosystem that faces high deforestation pressure and poses complications to the mapping of its extent from remotely sensed data. For the tropical dry forest sites, all maps have low forest cover accuracies (mean for Santa Rosa: 27%; mean for Chamela-Cuixmala: 56%). This has implications for policy implementation.     

Trade‐Offs between Cattle Production and Bird Conservation in an Agricultural Frontier of the Gran Chaco of Argentina

Intensification of food production in tropical landscapes in the absence of land‐use planning can pose a major threat to biological diversity. Decisions on whether to spatially integrate or segregate lands for production and conservation depend in part on the functional relations between biological diversity and agricultural productivity. We measured diversity, density, and species composition of birds along a gradient of production intensification on an agricultural frontier of the Argentine Chaco, where dry tropical forests are cleared for cattle production. Bird species diversity in intact forests was higher than in any type of cattle‐production system. Bird species richness decreased nonlinearly as cattle yield increased. Intermediate‐intensity silvopastoral systems, those in which forest understory is selectively cleared to grow pastures of non‐native plants beneath the tree canopy, produced 80% of the mean cattle yield obtained in pastures on cleared areas and were occupied by 70–90% of the number of bird species present in the nearest forest fragments. Densities of >50% of bird species were significantly lower in open pastures than in silvopastoral systems. Therefore, intermediate‐intensity silvopastoral systems may have the greatest potential to sustain cattle yield and conserve a large percentage of bird species. However, compared with low‐intensity production systems, in which forest structure and extent were intact, intermediate‐intensity silvopastoral systems supported significantly fewer forest‐restricted bird species and fewer frugivorous birds. These data suggest that the integration of production and conservation through intermediate‐intensity silvopastoral systems combined with the protection of forest fragments may be required to maintain cattle yield, bird diversity, and conservation of forest‐restricted species in this agricultural frontier. Compromisos entre la Producción de Ganado y la Conservación de Aves en una Frontera Agrícola del Gran Chaco de Argentina     

DRY STREAM REACHES IN CARBONATE TERRANES: SURFACE INDICATORS OF GROUND-WATER RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: The method of identifying dry stream reaches in carbonate terrane as surface indicators of potential ground-water reservoirs offers a valuable exploration technique that is more rapid and less expensive than traditional exploration methods involving random test drilling. In areas where dry stream reaches occur, subsurface drainage successfully competes with surface drainage, and sheet-like dissolution openings have developed parallel to bedding creating the ground-water reservoir. The occurrence and hydraulic characteristics of such reservoirs are highly variable, as attested to by the wide range of well yields. Union Hollow in south-central Tennessee is the setting for a case study that illustrates the application of the dry stream reach technique. In this technique, dry stream reach identification is based on two types of readily acquired information: (1) remotely sensed black and white infrared aerial photography; and (2) surface reconnaissance of stream channel characteristics. Test drilling in Union Hollow subsequent to identification of the dry reach proved that a localized ground-water reservoir was present.     

Effects of Conversion of Dry Tropical Forest to Agricultural Mosaic on Herpetofaunal Assemblages

Abstract: We explored the impact of forest conversion to agricultural mosaic on anuran, lizard, snake, and turtle assemblages of Neotropical dry forests. Over 2 years, we sampled 6 small watersheds on the west coast of Mexico, 3 conserved and 3 disturbed. The disturbed watersheds were characterized by a mosaic of pastures and cultivated fields (corn, beans, squash) intermingled with patches of different successional stages of dry forest. In each watershed, we conducted 11 diurnal and nocturnal time‐constrained searches in 10 randomly established plots. We considered vulnerability traits of species in relation to habitat modification. Eighteen anuran, 18 lizard, 23 snake, and 3 turtle species were recorded. Thirty‐six species (58%) occurred in both forest conditions, and 14 (22%) and 12 species (19%) occurred only in the conserved and disturbed sites, respectively. Assemblages responded differently to disturbance. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of lizards were higher in disturbed forests. Anuran diversity and species richness were lower in disturbed forest but abundance was similar in both forest conditions. Diversity, richness, and abundance of turtles were lower in disturbed forest. The structure and composition of snake assemblages did not differ between forest conditions. We considered species disturbance sensitive if their abundance was significantly less in disturbed areas. Four anuran (22%), 2 lizard (11%), and 3 turtle (100%) species were sensitive to disturbance. No snake species was sensitive. The decline in abundance of disturbance‐sensitive species was associated with the reduction of forest canopy cover, woody stem cover, roots, and litter‐layer ground cover. Anuran species with small body size and direct embryonic development were especially sensitive to forest disturbance. An important goal for the conservation of herpetofauna should be the determination of species traits associated with extinction or persistence in agricultural mosaics.     

大气氮磷沉降量分析——以杭州北里湖为例

为更好地了解大气氮磷沉降量的影响因素及其对水环境的影响,采用自制采样器,对杭州北里湖2011年4月-2012年2月大气氮、磷的总、湿沉降进行采集,并通过对干、湿沉降量的计算,探讨了大气干、湿沉降中TN、TP、NH4+-N和NO3--N的变化趋势.结果表明,因秋季利于沉降而不利于扩散,夏季降水多,各物质的干沉降量表现出秋季高、夏季低的特点,湿沉降量则夏季较高.TN干沉降以NH4+-N为主,其干沉降量与气温、气压及降水量有关,而NO3--N干沉降量与风速有关;大气湿沉降量除NO3--N外,TN、TP和NH4+-N与降水量均呈现出较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.882、0.700和0.827.在研究期间,TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N以湿沉降为主,TP以干沉降为主;北里湖大气总沉降的入湖TN量为4 503.74kg/km2,TP为100.14 kg./km2,入湖的TN/TP比值高达45,远超出正常水平,这对北里湖水体的富营养化产生了严重影响.     

微波在废树脂中的穿透厚度研究

通过对不同功率微波在不同规格钢桶中对不同含水率的树脂中的穿透厚度的研究可知,微波在树脂中的穿透厚度主要与树脂自身含水率有关,与钢桶的规格尺寸也有一定的关系,而微波功率的影响则可基本忽略不计;对于含水率50％左右的树脂,微波在12L钢桶中的穿透厚度是130 mm;在200L钢桶中的穿透厚度是70mm.该研究成果对微波干燥工艺的具体参数的选取和扩大规模台架装置的设计研究等有重要意义.     

Mechanical recycling of EOL concrete into high-grade aggregates

Recycling End of Life (EOL) concrete into high-grade aggregate for new concrete is a challenging prospect for the building sector because of the competing constraints of low recycling process cost and high aggregate product quality. A further complicating factor is that, from the perspective of the environment, there is a strong societal drive to reduce bulk transport of building materials in urban environments, and to apply more in situ recycling technologies for Construction & Demolition Waste. The European C2CA project investigates a combination of smart demolition, grinding of the crushed concrete in an autogenous mill to increase the liberation of cement mortar from the surface of aggregates and a novel dry classification technology called ADR to remove the fines. The feasibility of this recycling process was examined in a demonstration project involving 20,000 tons of EOL concrete from two office towers in Groningen, the Netherlands. Results show that the +4 mm recycled aggregate compares favorably with natural aggregate in terms of workability and the compressive strength of the new concrete, showing 30% higher strength after 7 days.     

有机固体废弃物厌氧干发酵机制研究进展

利用厌氧干发酵技术处理固体有机废物与传统的湿发酵相比具有许多优势,但厌氧干发酵机制的研究存在许多困难,在一定程度上限制了厌氧干发酵技术的发展。文章在对国内外研究现状进行文献调查后,总结概括了厌氧干发酵理论模型从"两点模型"和"区反应模型"到"浓度波扩散模型"和"反应前沿假说"的发展进程,讨论了其各自特点和对厌氧干发酵机制研究的意义以及其不完善之处;并分别从微生物生长、底物水解和生物气产生三个方面综述了近年来国内外对厌氧干发酵动力学的研究进展。然而,目前的研究仅是针对某些物料进行的特异性研究,还没有一个普遍适用的关于有机固体废弃物厌氧干发酵的理论模型被发展出来,因此对干发酵传质传热机制的探索和数学模拟成为当前对于干发酵机制研究的主要方向。