HISTORICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE WESTERN WATERSHEDS MOVEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The 1990s have featured a rapid proliferation of “watershed initiatives” in the western United States and elsewhere. Watershed initiatives are ad hoc, voluntary associations typically featuring both governmental and non-governmental actors organized together to collaboratively seek new strategies for addressing water and related natural resource problems at physically relevant regional scales. These efforts are a response to historical and sociopolitical trends that have resulted in increasingly ineffective forums and processes of resource management decision-making, and that have subordinated the role of local stakeholders in problem-solving efforts. In most cases, watershed initiatives appear to provide a pragmatic vehicle for resource managers and stakeholders to address common concerns in a more efficient manner than is otherwise possible, and as such, deserve further application and continued support.     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.     

GREAT LAKES WATER RESOURCES: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ANALYSIS WITH TRANSIENT GCM SCENARIOS1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted an assessment of Great Lakes water resources impacts under transient climate change scenarios. The integrated model linked empirical regional climate downscaling, hydrologic and hydraulic models, and water resource use sub-models. The water resource uses include hydropower, navigation, shoreline damages, and wetland area. The study is unique in that both steady-state 2°CO₂ and transient global circulation model (GCM) scenarios were used and compared to each other. The results are consistent with other impact studies in that high scatter in regional climate among the GCM scenarios lead to high uncertainty in impacts. Nevertheless, the transient scenarios show that in the near-term (approximately 20 years) significant changes could occur. This result only adds to the urgency of creating more flexible and robust management of water resources uses.     

嗅觉测定技术的进展与恶臭污染管理政策的改进

介绍了３种有关恶臭的测定方法及其发展趋向,即色谱质谱法（ＧＣ／ＭＣ）,电子算法和嗅觉测定法,目前世界上广泛采用以臭味浓度作为恶臭污染的控制指标,嗅觉测定法是广泛接受的臭味测定方法,本文就嗅觉测定法的定义,设备及其质量控制的方法作了详细的介绍,并比较了欧洲、美国、溴大利亚以及香港等地区当前对于恶臭污染的将嗅觉测定法进行标准化的进程。     

扩展阴极型膜电解法处理含铜废水的数学模型

采用均匀设计法,研究离子膜扩展阴极电解法对低浓度含铜废水的处理效果,得到了反应条件与回收效果之间的线性模型,并比较了线性预测模型和BP网络的预测效果。结果表明,线性模型有较强的定性分析作用但预测能力不强,而BP网络具有很强的预测能力。两法结合,具有很强的理论和实践指导意义。模型预测结果和实验结果均表明,扩展阴极型膜电解法可带来很好的社会效益和经济效益。     

城市环境规划设计动向初探

城市中的环境问题日益严重 ,人们渴望着能有一个安静、优美、和谐的生活环境。对城市环境规划设计在城市老区、居住区、城市园林、城市商业环境、城市灯光环境等方面的发展动向进行了初步的探讨。     

深井动压影响下山煤巷围岩变形机理与控制研究

以刘桥一矿Ⅱ66回风下山为工程背景,采用现场实测、实验室实验、数值模拟和工业性试验综合分析了下山煤巷非对称变形破坏机理,提出动压影响下深井软弱煤巷围岩多层次组合控制理论,并给出优化控制措施。研究表明:回风下山变形失稳严重并呈非对称性,围岩完整性较差,强度低。地应力实测显示,回风下山处于高原岩应力区,最大主应力为水平应力且具有明显方向性,与巷道轴线夹角为71°,断面顶底板剪切破坏风险较大;数值模拟显示,回风下山开拓延伸期间,受邻近轨道下山、辅助下山影响显著,4煤回采对其影响较小,6煤工作面回采是下山煤巷非对称失稳的主要诱因;提出以围岩深浅孔注浆为核心,以新型注浆锚索、锚杆为装备基础的高阻让压全断面组合控制理论,并给出具体优化方案。工业性试验显示,下山煤巷围岩变形得到有效控制。     

MSWNet: A visual deep machine learning method adopting transfer learning based upon ResNet 50 for municipal solid waste sorting

● MSWNet was proposed to classify municipal solid waste. ● Transfer learning could promote the performance of MSWNet. ● Cyclical learning rate was adopted to quickly tune hyperparameters. An intelligent and efficient methodology is needed owning to the continuous increase of global municipal solid waste (MSW). This is because the common methods of manual and semi-mechanical screenings not only consume large amount of manpower and material resources but also accelerate virus community transmission. As the categories of MSW are diverse considering their compositions, chemical reactions, and processing procedures, etc., resulting in low efficiencies in MSW sorting using the traditional methods. Deep machine learning can help MSW sorting becoming into a smarter and more efficient mode. This study for the first time applied MSWNet in MSW sorting, a ResNet-50 with transfer learning. The method of cyclical learning rate was taken to avoid blind finding, and tests were repeated until accidentally encountering a good value. Measures of visualization were also considered to make the MSWNet model more transparent and accountable. Results showed transfer learning enhanced the efficiency of training time (from 741 s to 598.5 s), and improved the accuracy of recognition performance (from 88.50% to 93.50%); MSWNet showed a better performance in MSW classsification in terms of sensitivity (93.50%), precision (93.40%), F1-score (93.40%), accuracy (93.50%) and AUC (92.00%). The findings of this study can be taken as a reference for building the model MSW classification by deep learning, quantifying a suitable learning rate, and changing the data from high dimensions to two dimensions.     

象山港赤潮监控区水质状况的动态变化

根据2002年4～9月份象山港赤潮监控区水质监测基础资料,建立表、底层DO、COD、DIN、DIP以及水质指数(A)和富营养化状态指数(E)时间序列,运用变异系数和相关分析法,探讨了象山港赤潮监控区在赤潮多发期水质状况的动态变化特征。分析结果表明：在赤潮多发期,监控区水质有机污染程度和富营养化状态较严重,明显呈低P高N状态;各环境参数的动态变化存在着明显差异;各环境参数对水质有机污染程度和富营养化状态的贡献也存在显著差异,且赤潮监控区水质富营养化指数与水质指数之间呈显著的正相关关系。     

城市空气质量达标规划编制中的关键技术及其案例应用

本文结合重庆市空气质量限期达标规划编制案例,介绍了城市空气质量达标规划编制中的几个关键技术及其具体应用,包括本地化污染源排放清单编制、污染物来源解析、污染物排放形势预测与减排潜力分析以及大气环境容量核算等。本地化污染源排放清单是城市空气质量达标规划编制的基础,针对现有污染源制定科学合理的减排方案是达标规划的核心内容。分析不同区域的污染物组分浓度特征、污染源贡献以及未来污染排放形势预测,有助于识别出制约未来空气质量达标的关键因素及污染源。基于污染源减排潜力和污染传输矩阵制定的污染源减排方案更具合理性和可行性,应用空气质量模型估算大气环境容量可为规划目标可达性提供依据。