石油化工企业事故应急救援预案现状及改进建议

石油化工行业是一个高危行业 ,具有易燃易爆、高温高压、有毒有害的特点 ,发生事故的概率高 ,且后果严重。制定事故应急救援预案是风险控制措施的一个重要组成部分 ,可以有效地防止事故的扩大 ,减轻事故造成的财产和生命损失。笔者主要探讨应急救援管理层面上的问题 ;阐述了我国政府和有关部门在应急救援管理方面的有关规定 ,石化行业的应急救援体系 ;指出了目前事故应急救援预案存在的不完善、不规范 ,应急装备不完备和缺乏社会救援联动机制等问题 ;建议企业和政府联合制定应急预案 :形成企业、地方政府和国家三方事故应急救援联动机制 ,实现统一指挥 ,资源共享 ,协调作战 ,发挥整体应急救援能力。     

基础弹性刚度变化对铁路简支梁桥地震响应的影响研究

以某特大铁路简支梁桥为例 ,考虑m值变化对基础弹性刚度的影响 ,笔者建立了铁路简支梁桥单墩有限元计算分析模型 ;运用大型通用软件ANSYS ,采用时程分析方法 ,对不同地震输入激励条件下的桥墩动力响应进行计算研究 ;研究结果表明 ,m值变化引起的基础竖向刚度的变化对桥梁结构地震响应的影响较大。笔者的研究成果为硬土质基础的铁路简支梁桥的抗震安全设计 ,提供了重要参考。     

高架仓库内喷头热响应性能研究

基于喷头热响应性理论的研究成果,主要研究了在给定响应时间指数和喷头动作温度的务件下,高架仓库所用快速响应早期抑制喷头(ESFR)的热响应性能,并结合案例,对高架仓库内喷头热响应性能的主要影响因素进行了定量分析,得出喷头热响应性能与环境温度和火源功率之间的关系。研究结果可为高架仓库自动喷水灭火系统的设计和评估提供一定的参考。     

我国民航灾害应急联动机制优化研究

针对我国现行的民航灾害应急联动救援体系所存在着多头指挥、组织形式不明确、责任关系不协调、信息沟通不顺畅、资源调度不合理等问题,运用文献检索、理论分析与实地调研相结合的方法,笔者提出优化思路:民航灾害应急联动机制应以各级民航管理当局的飞行事故应急指挥部为主要指挥决策者,采用虚拟的网络式组织形式,理顺联动单位的责任与关系,将应急联动的信息网络与各地突发公共危机事件的信息平台接轨,成立全国统一的、具有双重功能的民航灾害应急资源调度中心。其中,对民航灾害应急联动虚拟网络组织形式的设计,较好地改进了现行组织的效率,体现了快速反应和协调行动的要求。     

危险品道路运输过程风险管理体系探讨

危险品道路运输是一个复杂的系统,风险管理涉及危险品运输规划和事故应急响应。本文介绍了现有的危险品运输风险管理模式和基本管理原则,基于运输风险评估、运输路径优化、应急单位优化选址和选线、人员疏散管理以及事件决策管理等构建了危险品道路运输过程风险管理体系,阐述了系统基本要素之间的相互关系。危险品道路运输过程风险管理是一个持续改进的结构化过程风险管理体系,有助于减少危险品运输事故概率和降低运输沿线影响人员风险,为政府监管部门和危险品生产经营单位的运输安全管理、优化选线以及应急救援等工作提供技术依据,合理规划危险品运输系统。     

Intentionally building relationships between participatory online groups and formal organisations for effective emergency response

Advances in information and communication technologies enable the public to contribute to emergency response. For instance, reporting systems set up during recent disasters allowed affected people to submit testimonies about conditions on the ground. In addition, the public has analysed data and helped to mobilise and deliver relief resources. To plan intentionally for an integrative emergency response system in the networked age, this research explores two subject areas: (i) the organisational and technical determinants of relationships forged between formal organisations and participatory online groups established by the public; and (ii) the consequences of the outcomes generated by these relationships. Four in‐depth case studies were selected for the analysis, which revealed that resource dependence, shared understanding, and the use of certain types of information technology influence the formation of such relationships. Furthermore, healthy collaborative relationships increase the chances of desirable results, including inter‐organisational alignment and minimal long‐term harm owing to a disaster.     

The barriers to environmental sustainability in post‐disaster settings: a case study of transitional shelter implementation in Haiti

Disaster recovery operations that do not account for environmental sustainability (ES) risk exacerbating the impact of the disaster and hindering long‐term recovery efforts. Yet aid agencies do not always consider ES. This research is a case study of the recovery that followed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Using timber and concrete procurement as proxies for broader post‐disaster operations, research examined perceptions of ES as well as attempts at and barriers to incorporating it into programming. Identified barriers can be grouped into two categories: (1) prioritisations and perceptions within the disaster response sector that resulted in limited enthusiasm for incorporating ES into programming, and (2) structural and organisational barriers within the disaster response framework that impeded ES attempts and served as a further disincentive to incorporating ES into programming. As a result of those barriers, incorporation of ES was sporadic and inconsistent and often depended on the capacity and motivation of specific implementers.     

The public health system response to the 2008 Sichuan province earthquake: a literature review and interviews

This paper describes and analyses the public health system response to the deadly earthquake in Sichuan province, China, in May 2008. Drawing on an experiential learning project consisting of a literature review and field research, including a series of interviews with medical and public health professionals, policy‐makers and first responders, a conceptual framework was developed to describe the response. This approach emphasises the pre‐existing preparedness level of the medical and public health systems, as well as social, economic and geo‐political factors that had an impact on mitigation efforts. This framework was used to conduct post‐disaster analyses addressing major response issues and examining methods employed during the public health response to the disaster. This framework could be used to describe and analyse the emergency response to other disasters.     

DRYING UP OF THE YELLOW RIVER:A RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE

Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐａｉｄｔｏｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅ,ａｎｄｃｅｒｔａｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｆｉｅｌｄｓ.Ｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎ ｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗａｒｍｉｎｇｕｐｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ,ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＥＮＳＯａｎｄａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｉｔｙｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｉｒ…     

3种内筒溢流型溶气罐结构改进设计方案的溶气性能对比分析

溶气罐是溶气释放式微气泡发生系统的关键设备,其中内筒溢流型溶气罐具有结构简单、成泡粒径小等优点.提出了3种内筒溢流型溶气罐的结构改进设计方案,并对其在不同操作参数下的溶气性能进行了对比分析.为克服通过测量释气量间接表征溶气量所带来的系统误差,建立了在线带压测量溶解氧的方法,并以空气在水中溶解量的变化率(即溶气效率)来直...