螺形龟甲轮虫形态结构对环境变化的响应

以螺形龟甲轮虫为研究对象,于2015年7月至2018年12月,选取广东南澳岛及湖南常德中营养至中度富营养水体共14个样点进行采样,对螺形龟甲轮虫进行了形态特征测量分析.结果表明,水温是螺形龟甲轮虫形态变化最主要影响因子,且与背甲长、背甲宽、棘刺长度均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）.不同纬度条件下螺形龟甲轮虫形态参数差异显著,常德地区螺形龟甲轮虫个体显著大于南澳地区（P<0.05）.螺形龟甲轮虫形态存在显著季节性变化,各形态参数随季节波动呈现夏秋、冬春分化模式.螺形龟甲轮虫后棘刺长随水体营养程度增加而减小（F=159.4,P<0.01）,富营养条件下后棘刺长度占全长的比例减小（F=167.5,P<0.01）.研究结果表明,螺形龟甲轮虫棘刺长度可作为水质生物监测指标,并为研究全球气候变暖提供重要参考.     

重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施首次实践效果后评估

为提高重污染天气应对的科学性和精准度,2019年7月生态环境部制定重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施.为应对9月底至10月初的重污染过程,京津冀及周边共68个城市启动重污染预警,该措施得以首次实践.通过时间序列断点回归方法对该措施效果进行评估发现,空气质量改善存在滞后的现象,SO₂、 NO₂和CO这3个气态污染物改善速度较快,对涉及二次生成的O₃和PM_2.5两个污染物见效速度相对较慢. 10月1日恰逢在北京举办庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年阅兵式,对10月1日当天进行评估,发现与假如不采取措施的情形相比,重污染应急措施使北京市PM_2.5、 NO₂和CO日均浓度显著下降,下降幅度分别为54.1%、 62.4%和25.8%.如果不采取重污染应急措施,北京10月1日上午可能出现中重度污染,但实际上空气质量保持在良的水平.区域启动预警的68城市PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 NO₂、 SO     

掘进面出风口风流与风幕调控下的粉尘分布响应曲面优化研究*

为了解决煤矿掘进面风筒出风口参数不能动态变化,而传统风幕全断面控尘效果不理想引起的粉尘浓度高等问题,通过分析风幕和出风口参数对粉尘分布规律的影响,以此得到合理的出风口风流与风幕综合调控方案,降低粉尘浓度。以陕西神木柠条塔煤矿N1212巷道为研究对象,利用Fluent软件建立出风口风流与风幕综合调控的粉尘场有限元模型,设计出风口风流及风幕综合调控响应曲面实验,得到最佳综合调控方案为:风幕射流出口宽度为0.16 m,风幕射流出口速度为6 m/s,出风口口径为0.9 m,出风口右偏角度为3°。搭建相似模拟实验平台来验证最佳综合调控方案,研究结果表明:调控后回风侧行人呼吸处和司机位置处粉尘平均浓度分别降低89%和81%,有效改善掘进面作业环境。     

五氯酚胁迫对转基因杨树光合光响应特性的影响

以从美国引入的转基因杨树(Populus deltoides×nigra,DN34)为材料,设置0、50、100 mg·kg~(-1)三个五氯酚胁迫质量分数开展温室盆栽试验,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用测量系统研究五氯酚污染胁迫下转基因杨树对光强的生理响应.结果表明:与对照相比,相同光强下50和100 mg·kg~(-1)质量分数的五氯酚胁迫均降低了转基因杨树叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO_2摩尔分数(C_i)和气孔导度(G_s).因此高质量分数五氯酚比低质量分数五氯酚对转基因杨树光合作用产生更大的抑制响应.     

Role of competition in phytoplankton population for the occurrence and control of plankton bloom in the presence of environmental fluctuations

Termination of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and coexistence of phytoplankton–zooplankton populations are of great importance to human health, ecosystem, environment, tourism and fisheries. In this paper, we propose a three component model consisting of non-toxic phytoplankton (NTP), toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP) and zooplankton (Z). The growth of zooplankton species is assume to reduce due to toxic chemicals released by TPP population. We have extended the model proposed by Chattopadhyay et al. [Chattopadhyay, J., Sarkar, R.R., Pal, S., 2004. Mathematical modelling of harmful algal blooms supported by experimental findings. Ecol. Comp. 1, 225–235] by including competition terms between TPP and NTP. We observe the effect of competition factors both in the presence and absence of the environmental fluctuation. From our field as well as model analysis we observe that competition helps in the coexistence of the species, but if the effect of competition is very high on the TPP population, it results in planktonic bloom. It is shown that the coexistence equilibrium loses its stability when the competition coefficient crosses a critical value and resulting Hopf-bifurcation around the positive equilibrium depicting oscillations phenomena of the populations.     

Confidence limits on one-stage model parameters in benchmark risk assessment

In modern environmental risk analysis, inferences are often desired on those low dose levels at which a fixed benchmark risk is achieved. In this paper, we study the use of confidence limits on parameters from a simple one-stage model of risk historically popular in benchmark analysis with quantal data. Based on these confidence bounds, we present methods for deriving upper confidence limits on extra risk and lower bounds on the benchmark dose. The methods are seen to extend automatically to the case where simultaneous inferences are desired at multiple doses. Monte Carlo evaluations explore characteristics of the parameter estimates and the confidence limits under this setting.

响应面法优化低频超声协同H2O2降解偶氮染料酸性绿B

以酸性绿B染料废水为研究对象,在单因素试验的基础上,选择染料废水初始pH和H₂O₂投加量及超声功率为自变量,以酸性绿B降解率为响应值,采用响应面分析法研究各自变量及其交互作用对酸性绿B超声降解的影响,并通过回归方程求解和响应曲面分析,得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型. 结果表明,染料废水初始pH和H₂O₂投加量及超声功率与染料降解率存在显著的相关性. 确定酸性绿B废水超声降解优化条件:初始ρ(酸性绿B)为100 mg/L,初始pH和超声功率分别为4.43和216 W,H₂O₂投加量为1.77 mL. 在该优化条件下,酸性绿B的降解率可达93.34%.经试验验证,实际值与模型预测值拟合性良好,偏差仅为3.48%.      

NATURAL RESTABILIZATION OF STREAM CHANNELS IN URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Stream channels are known to change their form as a result of watershed urbanization, but do they restabilize under subsequent conditions of constant urban land use? Streams in seven developed and developing watersheds (drainage areas 5–35 km²) in the Puget Sound lowlands were evaluated for their channel stability and degree of urbanization, using field and historical data. Protocols for determining channel stability by visual assessment, calculated bed mobility at bankfull flows, and resurveyed cross‐sections were compared and yielded nearly identical results. We found that channel restabilization generally does occur within one or two decades of constant watershed land use, but it is not universal. When (or if) an individual stream will restabilize depends on specific hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and its watershed; observed stability is not well predicted by simply the magnitude of urban development or the rate of ongoing land‐use change. The tendency for channel restabilization suggests that management efforts focused primarily on maintaining stability, particularly in a still‐urbanizing watershed, may not always be necessary. Yet physical stability alone is not a sufficient condition for a biologically healthy stream, and additional rehabilitation measures will almost certainly be required to restore biological conditions in urban systems.     

土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展

随着社会的不断进步和人口的迅速膨胀,土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程产生了重大影响,其研究已经成为国际热点问题和前沿领域。论文首先分析了LUCC水文效应的研究方法,然后从土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力方面:造林与毁林、城市化过程与农业开发活动以及水土保持等,概述了LUCC水文效应的研究进展。综合分析表明:关于城市化过程的水文影响研究,一般认为,在城市化快速发展的驱动下,不透水面积大量增加,改变了水量平衡状况,造成入渗减少,洪峰流量增大,但不同地区城市化发展程度的不同使得水文效应的表现也不相同;水土保持水文效应的研究一般认为,水土保持通过植树造林、种草、修建梯田、淤地坝等措施,使得区域/流域下垫面覆盖状况发生了很大的改变,造成年径流和洪峰流量减少,而使入渗和枯季径流增加,但因地理位置和气象条件等方面的差异,不同地区水土保持产生的水文影响也有所差别;造林与毁林、农业开发活动对水文过程的影响则因研究尺度、区域位置、气象条件、研究对象等因素的影响出现了较大的差异。因此,需考虑多方面因素的影响,正确评价土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为水土资源的合理配置和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

How experienced individuals contribute to an improvement in collective performance in ants

Certain groups of organisms are capable of improving their collective performance with experience. In a recent study, we demonstrated that, over successive emigrations, colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis are able to improve their collective performance by reducing the time taken to complete an emigration (Langridge et al., Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:523–529, 2004). In this paper, by recording the performance of individually marked workers during repeated emigrations, we were able to analyse some of the ways in which time gains are achieved. We found that: (1) those transporters that also transported in the preceding emigration began to transport earlier in the current emigration and, in the majority of emigrations, transported more items than those transporters that had not transported in the preceding emigration; (2) the time that elapsed before the first item was transported into the new nest reduced over successive emigrations, and this first item was, in the majority of emigrations, carried by a transporter that had also transported in the preceding emigration; (3) the number of adults that were transported reduced over successive emigrations. Our results strongly suggest that the behaviour of transporters that also transported in a preceding emigration may be modified as a result of their experience and that, consequently, their efforts in the next emigration make a major contribution to the improved performance of the colony as a whole.