Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

影响静电收尘效率的紊流掺混系数的研究

根据紊流传质原理，在Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｃｋｅｓ和Ｓｈａｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｙ方程的基础上从理论上定量地分析了紊流掺混系数以及对静电收尘效率的影响。该分析结果不仅反应了Ｓｅｌｆ和Ｇ等人的观测结果，而且与Ｒｉｅｈｌｅ等人所做的小型电除尘器的除尘效率测试结果基本一致。     

Effects of lindane on the photosynthetic apparatus of the cyanobacterium<Emphasis Type="Italic">anabaena</Emphasis>

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria have the natural ability to degrade moderate amounts of organic pollutants. However, when pollutant concentration exceeds the level of tolerance, bleaching of the cells and death occur within 24 hours. Under stress conditions, cyanobacterial response includes the short-term adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light quality, named state transitions. Moreover, prolonged stresses produce changes in the functional organization of phycobilisomes and in the core-complexes of both photosystems, which can result in large changes in the PS II fluorescence yield. The localization of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) at the ends of some peripheral rods of the cyanobacterial phycobilisomes, makes this protein a useful marker to check phycobilisome integrity. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work is to improve the knowledge of the mechanism of action of a very potent pesticide, lindane (gamma-hexaclorociclohexane), in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp., which can be considered a potential candidate for bioremediation of pesticides. We have studied the effect of lindane on the photosynthetic apparatus of Anabaena using fluorescence induction studies. As ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress in several systems, changes in synthesis, degradation and activity of FNR were analyzed. Immunolocalization of this enzyme was used as a marker of phycobilisome integrity. The knowledge of the changes caused by lindane in the photosynthetic apparatus is essential for rational further design of genetically-modified cyanobacteria with improved biorremediation abilities. METHODS: Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence rise measurements (OJIP) have been used to evaluate the vitality and stress adaptation of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7119 in the presence of increasing concentrations of lindane. Effects of the pesticide on the ultrastructure have been investigated by electron microscopy, and FNR has been used as a marker of phycobilisome integrity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cultures of Anabaena sp. treated with moderate amounts of lindane showed a decrease in growth rate followed by a recovery after 72 hours of pesticide treatment. Concentrations of lindane below 5 ppm increased the photosynthetic performance and activity of the cells. Higher amounts of pesticide caused a decrease in these activities which seems to be due to a non-competitive inhibition of PS II. Active PS II units are converted into non-QA reducing, so called heat sink centers. Specific activity and amount of FNR in lindane-treated cells were similar to the values measured in control cultures. Release of FNR from the thylakoid after 48 hours of exposure to 5 ppm of lindane towards the cytoplasm was detected by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we conclude that the photosynthetic performance and activity of the cells are slightly increased in the presence of lindane up to 5 ppm. Moreover, in those conditions, lindane did not produce significant changes in the synthesis, degradation or activity of FNR. The high capability of Anabaena to tolerate lindane makes this cyanobacterium a good candidate for phytoremediation of polluted areas. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study show that cultures of Anabaena PCC 7119 tolerate lindane up to 5 ppm, without significant changes in the photosynthetic vitality index of the cells. However, a slight increase in phycobiliprotein synthesis is observed, which is related to total protein content. This change might be due to degradation of proteins less stable than phycobiliproteins. An identification of the proteins with altered expression pattern in the presence of the pesticide remains the subject of further work and will provide valuable information for the preparation of strains which are highly tolerant to lindane.     

雾化电晕净化烹调油烟技术

对雾化电晕放电极雾化过程、荷电液滴的捕集原理、自清洗作用进行探讨,在相同电压下雾化负电晕放电电流高于干式负电晕放电电流,极间大量荷电液滴具有很高的荷质比,并高速向极板驱进,对烟尘具有静电凝并和动力凝并除尘作用,具有高效净化油烟、自清洗极板的功能,此项净化烹调油烟的新技术,优于传统油烟净化技术,具有很好的应用价值和前景。     

Spatial,temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage

Summary Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.     

水稻悬浮细胞诱导生成植保素的研究

运用化学试剂处理水稻悬浮细胞诱导生成植保素Sakuranetin(SA)和Mom ilactone A(MA).结果表明,在悬浮培养液中添加1.5 mmol/L的金属阳离子Ag 、Ca2 、Zn2 、Mg2 和Cu2 ,都可以在一定程度上诱导悬浮细胞产生SA或MA,其中以K 处理效果最好;添加1.5 mmol/L的NH4 也可诱导产生MA;MA的产生量显著高于SA,每20 mL悬浮液中的产量可以分别高达158.9~1337.9μg和0.16~7.6μg,说明水稻悬浮细胞中存在这些阳离子的高效防御识别系统,从而开发新型绿色环保农药是可行的.图1表1参9     

袋式除尘器的静电灾害及其预防

袋式除尘器的静电现象和静电灾害往往为人们所忽视，而灾害的危害性又可能很大。为此，本文从理论上分析了袋式除尘器静电灾害的成因和过程，提出了预防静电灾害的具体措施，以便防患于未然，保证袋式除尘器的正常运行     

水泥厂机立窑用电除尘器研究

针对水泥厂机械立窑烟气特征 ,从理论上分析了烟气温度与含湿量对电除尘器电场伏安特性的影响。为了防止电除尘器板极腐蚀 ,对极板表面涂刷具有防腐、憎污功能的导电涂料 ,就涂层对电场伏安特性和对尘层放电性能的影响机理进行了系统研究。专门为机械立窑烟气治理设计的静电除尘器 ,具有特殊的电场结构形式与阴极悬挂装置 ,极板涂层改善了极板耐腐蚀性能与清灰效果 ,突破了一直困扰应用静电除尘器治理水泥厂机械立窑烟气的几项技术难题     

液滴荷电雾化湿式电除尘器颗粒捕集特性研究

为研究液滴荷电雾化作用下静电场中粉尘颗粒的捕集特性,设计并搭建了线板式湿式电除尘装置,通过实验获得了电场强度、停留时间、粉尘浓度和液滴流量等参数对捕集效率的影响规律.结果表明,施加雾化荷电液滴后各粒径段颗粒的分级穿透率均低于干式电除尘器,随着电场强度增加至3.5kV/cm,分级穿透率降幅逐渐增大,出口浓度降幅达到最大值,PM_0.5、PM₁和PM_2.5分别降低了28.7%、28.0%和27.1%,高于3.5kV/cm后降幅逐渐减小.相同电场强度下,捕集效率随停留时间的增加而增大,电场强度为4kV/cm时,停留时间由2.14s增大至4.04s,PM_0.5、PM₁和PM_2.5的分级穿透率分别降低了50.2%、49.3%和48.5%.随着粉尘浓度的增加,颗粒碰撞和凝并作用提高,捕集效率逐渐增大,当空间电荷密度难以满足颗粒充分荷电后,继续增大粉尘浓度将导致捕集效率降低.液滴流量的增大能够促进颗粒荷电与凝并,有利于提高捕集效率.与传统湿式电除尘器相比,采用液滴荷电雾化能够明显降低耗水量,且保持较高的颗粒捕集效率.     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.