公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。     

公共建筑火灾中人员生命风险分析

结合国内公共建筑火灾中影响人员生命安全的因素,提出一种公共建筑火灾中人员生命风险分析的方法。该方法根据人员生命危险出现的临界时间和疏散公式,可以定量计算出人员的伤亡率,以公共建筑火灾中可能的人员伤亡率大小评价公共建筑火灾中人员生命风险大小,进而分析出公共建筑火灾中可能影响人员伤亡的主要因素,最后提出减少人员伤亡的对策。结果表明该方法可以快速地估算出公共建筑物发生火灾的伤亡,并分析提出减少人员伤亡的方法。     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散研究述评

火灾条件下的高层建筑安全疏散研究已成为国内外研究的热点。介绍了高层建筑安全疏散设计及高层建筑人员疏散模拟两种主要研究方法在高层建筑安全疏散研究上的应用。首先说明了高层建筑安全疏散设计经历了一个从处方式安全疏散设计到性能化安全疏散设计的转变,分析了国内外在高层建筑性能化安全疏散设计上的发展,并列出了性能化安全疏散设计在实施中存在的问题;其次介绍了应用于高层建筑人员疏散的仿真模型,设想了高层建筑计算机模型的发展趋势;最后结合高层建筑火灾安全疏散目前存在的问题和不足,对高层建筑火灾安全疏散做出展望。     

农村灾害避难场所布局规划评价研究——以四川省小鱼洞镇为例

灾害避难场所不仅在灾中或灾后能为农村灾民提供一个临时安置或生存场所,而且更是农村整合其有限资源开展防灾减灾工作的平台,在农村社区减灾中工作发挥着重要的作用,然而相关研究工作较少。以四川省彭州市小鱼洞镇为例,通过对政府既定的避难场所进行安全性、通达性、收容性、生活性等分析,综合评价这些避难场所的布局合理性。以期为该区避难所的进一步建设提供科学依据,也为农村灾害避难所的规划和评价提供参考实例。     

隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究

隧道的消防设计应以保护人员的生命安全为首要目标，为此开发了隧道火灾时的人员疏散计算机模型Tunev（tunnel evacuation）。该模型能计算隧道内不同火灾场景的人员疏散所需时间，可与计算危险来临时间的火灾数值模拟软件CFD—PHOENICS3．5相结合，经两种时间的对比，判断人员疏散的安全性。该模型包含了简单的火灾时人员行为反应数据库和隧道防火结构特征参数。通过定性和定量的分析和计算，其结果能直观地发现疏散设计中的不足，以便采取针对性改进措施；该模型还可以作为辅助的消防演习工具。本文阐述了模型的有关概念，并对工程实例进行了疏散模拟，最后简述了Tunev模型的验证和应用。     

电梯困人应急救援理论的初步建立

针对备受社会关注的电梯困人应急救援的快速实现,在电梯应急救援体系建设下,研究电梯困人救援的快速实现的影响因素、改进措施及标准化电梯困人应急救援体系的建立,提出了一种建立标准化电梯困人应急救援体系的理论,该理论在提升电梯应急救援效率,缩短电梯困人救援时间上给出了指导性理论,通过以某医院为实施对象进行了试验数据采集、统计与分析及过程持续改进,同时验证了这一理论在电梯轿厢困人救援工作中的有效性和可靠性,为分析电梯救援人员组织、影响要素、对策拟定及救援标准程序建立提供了理论支撑和试验数据,为重点单位实施电梯困人救援工作的标准化程序建立提供了一种方法,也为全面降低电梯困人救援时间的实施提供新的思路和可能性,该理论及方法具有重大的现实指导意义。     

A critique of the official report on the evacuation of the World Trade Center: continued doubts

This paper criticises the conclusions and the unanswered questions in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s official report on the evacuation of the World Trade Center in New York City, United States, on 11 September 2001. It reviews the extent to which the report disregards several conventional statistical methods and comments on the NIST's refusal to share the machine‐readable data file with the scientific community for replication and further analysis. Problems lie in the sampling methods employed, the treatment of missing data, the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) with binary dependent variables, the failure to document the scalability of the scales used, the lack of tests to check for constant error variance, and the absence of overall fit tests of the model. There are also conceptual and theoretical issues, such as the absence in the report of considerations of the influence of group‐level processes and their impact on the collective behaviour of evacuating collectivities.     

特殊人群疏散行为及疏散设计的研究

在建筑火灾和一些紧急突发事件中,特殊人群不能使用正常人的紧急疏散通道,也不能达到正常人的疏散速度,而这个问题在目前的消防设计和消防规范中基本上没有得到解决.在分析特殊人群疏散行为规律的基础上,选取医院住院楼的标准层进行了疏散模拟,得出了一些重要结果,对疏散设计具有指导作用.最后提出了特殊人群的疏散设计方法,主要包括AORS系统和特殊报警系统的设计.     

Alternatives to evacuation during wildland fire: Exploring adaptive capacity in one Idaho community

The use of alternatives to evacuation during wildfire events continues to be an intensely debated strategy in the professional and policy circles of numerous fire-prone countries. The most recent chapter comes in response to the Black Saturday Fires in Australia, which has led to policy changes concerning alternatives to evacuation in both Australia and USA. This study explores the local context that influenced the development of alternatives to evacuation in one Idaho community through in-depth interviews with local residents and officials. It acknowledges alternatives as one ‘fire-adaptive behaviour’ of the local community, a key characteristic that US fire professionals identify as a means to better manage wildfire. We apply and extend a recently created adaptive capacity framework for wildfire to uncover specific community characteristics that both led to and reinforce the development of alternatives to evacuation that are tailored to the local population. Identification of these characteristics serves as one important step towards better local assessment of adaptive capacity for a broad classification of ‘fire-adaptive’ behaviours. We conclude that no one combination of local resources can guarantee the development of alternatives to evacuation. Rather, diverse local context will result in different approaches and applicability of the practice.     

The development of a movement-density relationship for people going on four in evacuation

Occupant movement in evacuation models has been simulated and predicted based on a number of variables, including crowd density. This study investigates the relationship between crowd density and occupant crawling movement, as a physical response to environmental conditions in fire. It is an attempt to generate the fundamental speed-density relationship that has been developed for walking movement. This is conducted by examining the impact of population size and exit access width on crowd walking and crawling speeds on a flat surface. The findings of the study suggest that exit access width has a significant impact, whereas occupant configuration (population size) plays less of a factor. The results further demonstrate that there is a significant difference in the crawling speed given the exit access width available, due to the secondary effect of crowd density. The relationship between crowd crawling speed and density is best represented by a quadratic regression model. The study concludes with the need to continuously develop new predictive movement methods, or enhance existing ones in order to cope with the level of detail required to ensure occupant safety and model complexity.