地震应急预案数字化关键技术研究

地震应急预案是地震应急救援的重要组成部分,是对突发地震灾害应急响应和全程管理的操作指南。阐述了地震应急预案在地震应急中的作用和使用现状,指出了数字化地震应急预案的意义。从地震应急预案的形式化描述、数字化建模和地震应急预案数字化系统与其它地震应急技术系统的集成等方面探讨了地震应急预案数字化的关键技术。     

基于灰色层次分析法的突发事件应急管理能力评价

突发事件的频发,使得对应急能力的评价备受关注。首先按照应急管理能力评价指标的选取原则,构建了突发事件应急管理能力评价指标体系。然后利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重系数,采用专家打分法建立评价指标集,运用灰色系统理论计算评分,进而建立了适用于突发事件应急管理能力的灰色层次分析评价模型。最后对某区域的突发事件应急管理能力进行实例分析,在定量计算的基础上,对其应急能力进行缺陷诊断,并提出措施建议,为完善应急能力提供科学有效的依据。     

民航“重大突发事件情景构建”应用实例探讨

重大突发事件情景构建理论是前沿的应急管理理论之一,为我国民航主管部门及民航企业在应对民航重大突发事件特别是预防和处置重大飞行事故方面提供了一个全新的思路和发展方向。针对国内外重大飞行事故特点和我国民航在应对突发事件及应急管理体系存在的问题进行分析,结合对重大突发事件情景构建理论所要求的"情景-应对"模式进行描述说明,建立了某一飞行事故情景的构建方案,以此为实例对如何应用该理论进行了示范和探讨。认为重大突发事件情景构建理论对于改进、完善我国现行民航应急管理体系具有重大的实践和指导意义。     

责任矩阵在生活必需品应急保障责任评估中的应用

在突发事件生活必需品应急保障工作中开展责任管理与评估,对提高我国的应急保障水平有重要意义。采用责任矩阵的方法,对生活必需品应急保障过程的角色和任务进行了划分,构建了应急保障的责任矩阵,明确了应急保障工作中的责任划分。进而提出了在责任矩阵的基础上完善生活必需品应急保障责任评估的建议,具有一定的积极意义。     

石油石化重大工艺安全事故应急机制浅析

石油石化生产关键工艺设备或流程蕴藏的风险能量巨大,一旦发生事故,后果往往极其严重。分析了石油石化重大工艺安全事故专业性强、事故规模大、易形成连锁反应和诱发环境污染事件等3个典型特征。通过事故应急经验分析,研究提出了石油石化重大工艺安全事故应急工作需要遵循的风险辨识充分到位、专业应急保障有力、应急资源保障充足、企地联动迅速高效、社会舆论引导得力等5方面的重点应急策略。设计了工艺安全事故风险辨识与评估、专业应急队伍建设与能力提升、应急资源联合储备、区域应急联动和公共危机公关等5项石油石化企业重大工艺安全事故应急重点工作机制内容和建设要点。石油石化企业需要不断建立和完善5项应急工作机制,才能为重大工艺安全事故应急工作提供可靠保障。     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

中小企业环境污染事故防范应急对策探讨

中小企业总体上表现为数量众多，技术水平千差万别，涉及使用或生产的化学品种类繁杂，因此在化学品储运，废液、污水的处理上容易引发事故，是环境污染事故多发的主体。结合基层工作实践，认为国家应严格对中小企业的环境管理，为其污染事故处理提供广泛的技术支撑，编制各级应急预案。     

Ethical Tools to Support Systematic Public Deliberations about the Ethical Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnologies

This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one” societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue: 1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain.     

北京奥运会帆船比赛前夕浒苔灾害暴发与青岛市应急行动

北京奥运会开幕前夕,青岛突发历史罕见的浒苔灾害,严重威胁到奥帆赛的举办.本文全面回顾了青岛市在应对这场突发事件的全过程,并运用现代应急管理理论,对其整个事件进行客观评述,总结了青岛市在信息公开、决策指挥、应急准备、科技支撑、综合治理、善后处置等方面的成功经验,并从应急准备、应急处置和应急队伍建设等三个方面对存在的不足和问题进行了深入地查找和分析.     

跨国界河流水环境风险防控与应急能力现状分析及建议

鉴于跨国界河流的极端敏感性和新形势下日益突出的水环境风险问题,为确保跨国界河流的水环境安全,全力维护我国与邻国边境地区稳定,开展跨国界河流水环境风险防控及环境应急能力建设迫在眉睫。目前,跨国界河流流域水环境存在的主要问题和短板包括水环境风险底数不清、风险防控与应急体系尚未建立、监控预警及应急监测能力薄弱及应急物资保障体系薄弱等。针对上述问题,建议全面开展跨国界河流突发性环境风险评估,建立“一河一策一图”水环境风险防控工程体系,提升跨国界河流水环境风险防控与环境应急能力,并建立跨国界河流水环境应急物资储备管理体系。