危机型突发事件应对与挑战

危机型突发事件应急准备与处置是当前应急管理工作中最前沿的科学与实践课题。作者在总结最近几年国内外重大事故灾难应对经验与教训的基础上,阐述了危机型突发事件的基本概念,论述了危机型突发事件的特点与形成条件,提出了针对我国应急管理实际情况加强危机型突发事件应急准备的建议。     

基于秩和比法的突发事件固有风险水平评估

建立突发事件固有风险指标框架,定量评估突发事件固有风险水平。选择自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等四大类突发事件造成的死亡人数和经济损失方面的量化指标,采用秩和比法计算全国31省市区的突发事件相对风险水平,经滑动平均处理后,得到各地突发事件固有风险指数。求解各地突发事件固有风险指数与其累积频率对应的概率单位值的回归方程,将其排序分档,可把全国分为高风险、较高风险、一般风险和低风险水平等四类地区。结果表明我国各地区突发事件固有风险水平存在一定的差异,总体呈西高东低分布。突发事件固有风险指数可定量评估各地区的突发事件固有风险水平,突发事件固有风险指标设置合理、方法可行。     

国内外数字化应急预案技术发展现状与趋势

简述了数字化预案的概念、功能和主要开发步骤;分析了数字化预案发展的三个阶段,即电子化、可视化和智能化;通过国内外数字化预案项目典型案例,分析了国内外数字化预案技术的发展现状与趋势,以期为我国数字化预案技术发展做出有益的探讨。     

应急预案体系研究

基于社会和经济迅速发展需要以及各类公共突发事件频发的现实,国家全面加强应急管理体系建设工作,应急预案体系建设是应急管理体系建设的重要内容。文章反思了应急预案编制和应急预案体系建设实践过程中的一些混乱和偏差,指出了应急预案体系建设方面面临的一些主要问题与困难;以系统理论为基础,从基础概念出发分析了应急预案体系各要素的内涵,理清了各要素之间的相互关系;提出了一种应急预案体系的基本模型及其扩展方法,为应急预案体系建设寻求理论依据。另外,文章还在应急预案体系研究和实践的方法论方面进行了一些思考和探索。其研究成果可为应急与安全领域研究、应急预案体系建设实践提供一些有益的理论参考。     

Are rapid population estimates accurate? A field trial of two different assessment methods

Emergencies resulting in large-scale displacement often lead to populations resettling in areas where basic health services and sanitation are unavailable. To plan relief-related activities quickly, rapid population size estimates are needed. The currently recommended Quadrat method estimates total population by extrapolating the average population size living in square blocks of known area to the total site surface. An alternative approach, the T-Square, provides a population estimate based on analysis of the spatial distribution of housing units taken throughout a site. We field tested both methods and validated the results against a census in Esturro Bairro, Beira, Mozambique. Compared to the census (population: 9,479), the T-Square yielded a better population estimate (9,523) than the Quadrat method (7,681; 95% confidence interval: 6,160-9,201), but was more difficult for field survey teams to implement. Although applicable only to similar sites, several general conclusions can be drawn for emergency planning.     

Cash-based interventions: lessons from southern Somalia

Commodity distributions, the predominant relief response, are subject to growing criticism, while donors and humanitarian actors are increasingly viewing cash-based interventions as a viable alternative. This paper aims to contribute to the current debate on cash-based interventions by drawing on the experience of Action Contre la Faim in southern Somalia, where it has implemented cash for work programmes since 2004. The authors conclude that cash-based interventions are a feasible option in complex emergencies as well as in highly insecure environments as long as appropriate modalities are employed and objectives are clearly set in accordance with the needs and the context. Cash as a relief response offers wide-reaching possibilities for the future from both the perspective of the donor/agency and the standpoint of the beneficiary. It enables the beneficiaries to take control of the relief themselves and to adapt it to their individual requirements in a timely manner.     

Economic evaluation of measles catch-up and follow-up campaigns in Afghanistan in 2002 and 2003

This paper assesses the cost-effectiveness of, and the return on the investment in, the 2002 catch-up and the 2003 follow-up measles campaigns in Afghanistan from the perspective of the donor. The catch-up campaign targeted nearly 12 million children aged between six months and 12 years, while the follow-up campaign targeted over five million children aged between 9 and 59 months. Both campaigns successfully vaccinated approximately 96 per cent of the respective target populations, and are expected to avert an estimated 301,000 measles deaths over the next 10 years. The average cost per dose of measles vaccine delivered was USD 0.40. The cost per death prevented is USD 23.6, assuming a case fatality rate of 10 per cent and a discount rate of three per cent. With more than 42,000 measles deaths avoided for every one million US dollars spent, the campaigns are an excellent public health investment for precluding childhood mortality in a country affected by a complex emergency.     

灾害救助评估理论方法研究与展望

灾害救助评估是一种辅助决策工具,收集和分析灾害及灾害救助信息,为灾害救助活动的决策、规划和控制提供有效的信息支持,其内涵主要包括4个方面:①评估灾害对社会产生的影响;②灾害应急抢险需求与方案优化;③救助资源可获得性;④促进和加速灾后恢复与区域发展的可行性。灾害救助过程包括规划、数据收集与调查、分析与解读、趋势预测、辅助决策、灾害监测等6个环节。灾害救助评估内容按照灾害救助阶段总体分为应急快速评估和灾后详细评估两大类。其中,应急快速评估主要侧重于灾情和应急救助需求,是灾害救助评估的传统研究领域,为应急抢险和受灾人口基本生活保障提供信息支持;灾后详细评估则主要用于全面分析灾害对社会、经济、生态环境系统造成的损失和影响,为灾后恢复与重建提供辅助决策支持。     

基于Fluent的开县井喷事故后果模拟与分析

对开县井喷事故的相关资料进行了收集整理,确定了数值模拟所需的初始条件、边界条件. 以计算流体力学为主要技术工具,通过Fluent软件对开放空间大范围毒气扩散事故进行模拟;根据收集到的资料确定了模拟结果的符合性检验标准并进行检验,结合急性中毒标准,对模拟结果进行了分析,特别对风速和地形的影响进行了深入研究. 结果表明,事故发生时H₂S高浓度积聚的主要原因是开县的地形条件. 事故发生时的静风条件不利于气体对流和扩散,加剧了H₂S的积聚,重气效应虽然对浓度积聚有一定影响,但不是主要的决定因素. 针对H₂S在人员呼吸面上造成的毒效应的分析表明,由于H₂S分子量与空气接近,有可能在任何高度上出现高浓度,所以不能考虑向高处疏散人员的方案.      

国家地震应急快速响应信息系统建设——以首都圈地区为基础

以首都圈防震减灾示范项目的建设为例，介绍了国家层次的地震应急快速响应信息系统的总体架构、技术路线和核心功能。该系统以B／S和C／S混合结构为主体架构，以GIS为开发平台，实现了地震触发—灾害响应—灾害评估—辅助对策应急响应流程的各项相关核心功能，对我国开展“十五”应急响应工作提供了一定的借鉴经验。