关于淮安市饮用水源地污染应急监测的思

回顾分析了淮安市饮用水源地污染事件的应急监测和处置方法,总结了应急监测及处置工作的经验教训和启示,对更好地驾驭今后可能发生的各种复杂的环境事件提供了帮助。     

粗苯污染事故应急处理

针对一次苯泄漏事故的应急处理过程、方法进行论述与总结，并分析了事故现场周围地表、地下水中苯污染浓度的变化情况，提出了该类事故的应急措施，以此作为处理同类事故的参考和依据。     

海上/岸边储运设施溢油环境风险应急分析

文章分析了海上/岸边油品储运设施的溢油特点,并从溢油流入附近水体后产生的环境风险角度出发,探讨国内外针对溢油事故的法律框架、环境应急反应体系、环境应急响应和应急处置措施。分析在环境应急反应方面国内应对溢油事故存在的问题,为今后在溢油事故环境应急反应方面提出合理化建议。     

根据土壤蓄水能力探讨若尔盖重要生态服务功能区的水源涵养功能

若尔盖水源涵养重要生态服务功能区是全国50个重要生态服务功能区域之一,具有极重要的水源涵养生态服务功能。该区涵盖四川省境内的黄河流域区,面积约1.6×104km2,区内分布有涵水能力极强的沼泽土和泥炭土,对调节黄河径流时空分布具有非常重要的作用。本文利用地理信息系统技术,用土壤饱和蓄水量指标评价了本区的水源涵养生态服务...     

Identifying priority areas for ecosystem service management in South African grasslands

Grasslands provide many ecosystem services required to support human well-being and are home to a diverse fauna and flora. Degradation of grasslands due to agriculture and other forms of land use threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services. Various efforts are underway around the world to stem these declines. The Grassland Programme in South Africa is one such initiative and is aimed at safeguarding both biodiversity and ecosystem services. As part of this developing programme, we identified spatial priority areas for ecosystem services, tested the effect of different target levels of ecosystem services used to identify priority areas, and evaluated whether biodiversity priority areas can be aligned with those for ecosystem services. We mapped five ecosystem services (below ground carbon storage, surface water supply, water flow regulation, soil accumulation and soil retention) and identified priority areas for individual ecosystem services and for all five services at the scale of quaternary catchments. Planning for individual ecosystem services showed that, depending on the ecosystem service of interest, between 4% and 13% of the grassland biome was required to conserve at least 40% of the soil and water services. Thirty-four percent of the biome was needed to conserve 40% of the carbon service in the grassland. Priority areas identified for five ecosystem services under three target levels (20%, 40%, 60% of the total amount) showed that between 17% and 56% of the grassland biome was needed to conserve these ecosystem services. There was moderate to high overlap between priority areas selected for ecosystem services and already-identified terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity priority areas. This level of overlap coupled with low irreplaceability values obtained when planning for individual ecosystem services makes it possible to combine biodiversity and ecosystem services in one plan using systematic conservation planning.     

Accidents and risk control

A framework for transformation of knowledge and experience from risk analysis to emergency education is presented. An accident model was developed built on the concept “uncontrolled flow of energy (UFOE)”, where essential elements are the state, location and movement of the energy. A UFOE can be considered as the driving force of an accident, e.g. an explosion, a release of heavy gases. A domain model has been developed for representing emergencies occurring in society. A domain is a group of activities with allied goals and elements, and the domain model uses three main categories: status, context and objectives. Ten specific domains have been investigated including process plant, energy production and distribution, natural disasters and different sorts of transport. Totally 25 accident cases were consulted and information was extracted for filling into the schematic representations with two to four cases pr. specific domain.     

基于灰色聚类分析的轨道交通应急能力综合评价

通过分析轨道交通应急能力的影响因素,建立多层次的评价指标体系,引入灰色聚类分析对轨道交通应急能力进行综合评价。针对传统灰色聚类分析计算复杂、繁琐的缺点,在对二级指标的评价中对聚类指标规范化,采用区间化白化权函数进行简化处理,然后对得到的一级指标综合值再次进行聚类分析。结果表明,聚类分析在多层次综合评价中具有较好的实用性和可操作性。     

突发性大气污染事件数字化动态应急预案系统及其应用

针对近些年频繁发生的突发性大气污染事件,构建了数字化动态应急预案系统。该系统由基础信息数据库、气象环境模式与健康风险评估系统、数字化动态应急预案三部分组成,并利用地理信息系统将三者有机结合,将事故基本信息、事故发展预测及救援状况直观、动态地展现在系统界面,使应急行动得以及时、高效地展开。实地外场综合应急演习证明,该系统技术路线稳定畅通,运行高效,功能强大,具有较好的可行性和实效性。     

应急预案重大突发事件情景构建——基于“情景-任务-能力”应急预案编制技术研究之一

在国内外应急预案编制技术对比分析的基础上,针对我国应急预案工作存在的主要问题和需求,提出了以"情景-任务-能力"为技术路线的应急预案编制方法,重点论述了重大突发事件情景构建对应急准备和应急预案编制具有重要先导作用,提出重大突发事件情景基本概念、分类矩阵、构建程序、情景框架结构与要素内容等一些理论与方法,为以"情景-应对"的应急预案管理模式提供技术参考。     

基于BP神经网络算法的北京市地铁站应急疏散能力仿真评估模型

地铁站的应急疏散能力是地下铁道安全运营设计中非常重要的部分,对于维持社会稳定,保障人民安全具有重大意义.本文利用BP神经网络计算方法和MATLAB软件,选取可能影响地铁站疏散能力的相关因素作为评价指标,建立了应急疏散指标体系,并以北京北三环区域周边地铁站作为主要研究对象,对北京市地铁站应急疏散能力进行了仿真评估,提出了增加疏散通道、疏散楼梯、安全出口等数量,以提高地铁站应急疏散能力等一些可供参考的建议.