Lactic acid production with undefined mixed culture fermentation of potato peel waste

Potato peel waste (PPW) as zero value byproduct generated from food processing plant contains a large quantity of starch, non-starch polysaccharide, lignin, protein, and lipid. PPW as one promising carbon source can be managed and utilized to value added bioproducts through a simple fermentation process using undefined mixed cultures inoculated from wastewater treatment plant sludge. A series of non-pH controlled batch fermentations under different conditions such as pretreatment process, enzymatic hydrolysis, temperature, and solids loading were studied. Lactic acid (LA) was the major product, followed by acetic acid (AA) and ethanol under fermentation conditions without the presence of added hydrolytic enzymes. The maximum yields of LA, AA, and ethanol were respectively, 0.22 g g^?1, 0.06 g g^?1, and 0.05 g g^?1. The highest LA concentration of 14.7 g L^?1 was obtained from a bioreactor with initial solids loading of 60 g L^?1 at 35 °C.     

Confined vapor explosion in Kaohsiung City – A detailed analysis of the tragedy in the harbor city

On the midnight of July 31st, 2014, a catastrophic vapor explosion occurred in the downtown of Kaohsiung city. The incident was initiated from a leak of an underground pipeline transporting pressurized propylene liquid. Analysis of pipeline operation logs and pipeline break release modeling suggested that at least 90,000 kg of propylene leaked, entered the underground trench and spread into the trench 4.5 km in distance before meeting an ignition source some three hours later after the leak. The ignition caused a significant confined vapor explosion which blew out the road above the underground trench, damaged more than one hundred vehicles on the road with thirty two fatalities and more than three hundred injuries. This article will first describe the background of the pipeline installation follows by an in-depth look at the explosion incident covering the events leading to the explosion, explosion damage, cause of the leak, spread of the leak, identification of a probable ignition source, and root causes in safety culture. Finally, lessons learnt and recommendations are given to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of similar incidents.     

便携式重金属测定仪在龙江河镉离子污染事件应急监测中的应用研究

PDV6000plus便携式重金属测定仪具有体积小、精度高、操作简便等特点,能够快速完成样品分析,为环境管理部门在突发环境污染事件中及时掌握污染变化趋势,作出科学决策提供技术支持。本文通过介绍便携式重金属测定仪在广西龙江河镉离子污染事件应急监测中的具体应用,以期为今后在应急监测中更好地发挥作用提供参考。     

蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15的异养培养条件优化及污水养殖

为了提高微藻的生物量及油脂产量以降低微藻生物柴油的生产成本,采用光异养培养模式对蛋白核小球藻进行培养,确定其最适生长的碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为大豆蛋白胨.采用响应面设计的方法对蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15光异养培养过程中的最佳碳氮源浓度进行了优化,在葡萄糖含量为17.53 g.L-1,大豆蛋白胨含量为8.67 g.L-1时,生物量最大产量为0.63 g.(L.d)-1,与模型预测结果[0.62 g.(L.d)-1]基本吻合,此时其油脂含量为19.25%,油脂产量达到121.3mg.(L.d)-1.污水养殖结果显示,在以北京市城市生活污水为培养基的情况下,微藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15对污水具有良好的净化能力,COD的去除率达到80.9%,总氮的去除率达到69%,同时其也具有较好的产油效率,生物量和油脂含量分别可达到1.00 g.L-1和24.12%,具有进一步研究的理论及应用价值.     

PCBs降解菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法从多氯联苯(PCBs)污染土壤中筛选到1株高效降解PCBs的细菌,命名为PS-11.经16S rDNA初步鉴定,此菌株属于嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia).结果表明,菌株PS-11能够以PCBs作为唯一碳源生长并且能够降解PCBs,菌株PS-11对2 mg.L-1PCB52 4 d的降解率为31.1%,7 d的降解率可达52.9%;对难降解的高氯代多氯联苯PCB153 7 d的降解率为10.9%.此外,该菌株的环境耐受性比较好,在30℃、pH为7～9、PCB52浓度为2～10 mg.L-1的条件下生长较快、降解效果较好,尤其在pH 7、PCB52浓度为2 mg.L-1时降解率最高;碳源种类不同,菌株PS-11的生长能力也不同,其中在以蔗糖为碳源时PS-11的生长能力最强,以葡萄糖为碳源时PS-11的适应期最短,且蔗糖、葡萄糖和Tween-80均可提高PS-11对PCB52的降解率;同时菌株PS-11还可耐受一定浓度的重金属,其耐受性大小为Pb2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Cu2+.     

罐区灾害场景建模及应急处置仿真实训系统研究

针对目前应急消防训练中事故场景感知性、交互性不足等问题,研究了罐区灾害场场景建模方法及人体伤害建模方法,研发了基于可穿戴式体感装备的虚拟现实应急处置实训系统,构建了虚实结合的危险化学品火灾事故应急救援仿真训练环境,使应急人员能够最大程度地贴近实战环境,完成仿真训练,提高标准化操作能力及事故应急处置能力。     

面向国土空间应急安全保障的控制性详细规划指标体系构建——以应对突发公共卫生事件为例

为了满足国土空间规划体系的建设和应对突发公共卫生事件,城市控制性详细规划指标和管理体系需要改革。在深入分析现有控规管理对国土空间应急安全保障方面的响应与不足的基础上,增加了“预防+应急”的控规管理工作路径并构建指标实施体系。“预防”是指通过空间环境的塑造来提高城市韧性,增强城市抵御不确定性风险的能力。“预防”主要方法是： （1）将健康城市理念融入控规指标体系;（2）缩小控规单元管理规模,形成从编制单元到地块单元的空间传导体系。“应急”是在应对突发公共卫生事件发生时,通过控规管理首先保障城市生命系统的可持续性;通过控规对部分土地兼容性的引导及对应急设施、通道、空间的布局来满足防疫需要。     

复杂环境下有毒气体泄漏侦检与应急救援

结合二维GIS的宏观性、整体性和三维GIS场景的局部性、现实性、直观性优点,建立二、三维一体化应急GIS平台,为复杂环境气体泄漏侦检和应急救援提供有效的平台支撑,并以此为基础实现有毒气体泄漏侦检、警戒范围设定、事故模拟、应急救援等功能。     

Comparative study of polyhydroxyalkanoates production from acidified and anaerobically treated brewery wastewater using enriched mixed microbial culture

The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) from wastewaters using microbial mixed cultures(MMC) has been attracting increased interest because of PHA's biodegradability characteristics. Production of PHA by an MMC enriched with PHA-accumulating bacteria was compared using anaerobically treated and acidified brewery wastewaters under various feeding strategies, namely pulse and batch feed addition. To obtain an enriched MMC, a sequencing batch reactor was inoculated with activated sludge fed with acetate and subjected to aerobic dynamic feeding. The enriched MMC was able to accumulate PHA up to 72.6% of cell dry weight(CDW) with pulse addition of acetate controlled by the dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the reactor. In a batch accumulation experiment with acetate,the PHA content achieved(28.5% CDW) was less than that of the pulse feeding strategy with the same amount of acetate(～2000 mg C/L). Using anaerobically treated and acidified brewery wastewater fed in pulses, the maximum PHA accumulated by the enriched MMC was similar for both wastewaters(45% CDW), in spite of the higher volatile fatty acid concentration in acidified brewery wastewater. The pulse feed addition controlled by the DO concentration was difficult to implement for wastewater as compared to acetate because the difference in DO concentration between substrate availability and depletion was low. For the batch addition of acidified wastewater, a slightly lower PHA content(39%CDW) was obtained. These results show that both brewery wastewaters can be utilized for PHA production with a similar maximum PHA storage capacity.     

高效反硝化细菌的快速培养及群落结构多样性分析

培养高效的反硝化细菌可提高污水处理效率.本实验为序批式实验,以Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号发酵液为碳源,采用梯度提高硝氮的方式,培养高效的反硝化细菌,从中选择培养更加快速的发酵液.并采用高通量测序技术分析反硝化细菌的生物群落结构和多样性的变化.结果表明,Ⅱ号发酵液能够在第11 d便实现高效反硝化细菌[300 mg·(L·h)-1]的快速培养,比Ⅰ号发酵液提前了17 d,同时,高效反硝化细菌系统对氨氮和总磷有一定的去除效果,最大去除速率分别为34.43 mg·(L·h)-1和2.98mg·(L·h)-1.高通量测序分析结果表明,污泥经过驯化培养,物种丰度和多样性降低,但发挥反硝化作用的优势菌群的类别和比例得到增大;细菌的组成及数量发生了较大的改变,最终发挥高效反硝化作用的核心菌属为Thauera和Pseudomonas.另外,反硝化聚磷菌科(Rhodocyclaceae和Pseudomonadaceae)和异养硝化菌属(Pseudomonas、Alcaligenes、Bacillus和Comamonas)的存在,验证了系统对氨氮和总磷的去除能力.