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191.
建立我国安全生产应急救援标准体系的初步构想   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
我国安全生产应急救援工作日益受到政府和企业的重视,但是应急救援标准非常薄弱,造成应急管理和实际救援工作困难,建立安全生产应急救援标准体系是应急救援工作和保护人民生命财产的迫切需要。在总结国内外应急救援标准工作的基础上,本文提出了我国安全生产应急救援标准体系框架以及标准制定的原则和重点。  相似文献   
192.
从对GHS(化学品分类及标记全球协调制度)化学品危险性鉴别分类的分析出发,归纳和总结了联合国、欧盟、美国以及中国的化学品危险性鉴别分类研究现状;提出化学品危险性鉴别分类是获取化学品安全信息、评估化学品的固有危险性的重要手段;给出化学品危险性鉴别分类试验必须满足OECD(经济合作与发展组织)的各项标准和准则;对化学品危险性鉴别分类的应用前景及未来工作进行评述和展望;指出为化学品安全管理、事故应急救援、事故调查及做好基础数据的积累是今后研究工作的努力方向;提出了借鉴GHS,REACH(化学品注册、评估、许可和限制)等先进化学品安全监管法规,对完善我国的化学品安全监管制度,化学品鉴别分类标准的重要现实意义.  相似文献   
193.
    
Objective: This study investigated drivers' evaluation of a conventional autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system on high and reduced tire–road friction and compared these results to those of an AEB system adaptive to the reduced tire–road friction by earlier braking. Current automated systems such as the AEB do not adapt the vehicle control strategy to the road friction; for example, on snowy roads. Because winter precipitation is associated with a 19% increase in traffic crashes and a 13% increase in injuries compared to dry conditions, the potential of conventional AEB to prevent collisions could be significantly improved by including friction in the control algorithm. Whereas adaption is not legally required for a conventional AEB system, higher automated functions will have to adapt to the current tire–road friction because human drivers will not be required to monitor the driving environment at all times. For automated driving functions to be used, high levels of perceived safety and trust of occupants have to be reached with new systems. The application case of an AEB is used to investigate drivers' evaluation depending on the road condition in order to gain knowledge for the design of future driving functions.

Methods: In a driving simulator, the conventional, nonadaptive AEB was evaluated on dry roads with high friction (μ = 1) and on snowy roads with reduced friction (μ = 0.3). In addition, an AEB system adapted to road friction was designed for this study and compared with the conventional AEB on snowy roads with reduced friction. Ninety-six drivers (48 males, 48 females) assigned to 5 age groups (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–75 years) drove with AEB in the simulator. The drivers observed and evaluated the AEB's braking actions in response to an imminent rear-end collision at an intersection.

Results: The results show that drivers' safety and trust in the conventional AEB were significantly lower on snowy roads, and the nonadaptive autonomous braking strategy was considered less appropriate on snowy roads compared to dry roads. As expected, the adaptive AEB braking strategy was considered more appropriate for snowy roads than the nonadaptive strategy. In conditions of reduced friction, drivers' subjective safety and trust were significantly improved when driving with the adaptive AEB compared to the conventional AEB. Women felt less safe than men when AEB was braking. Differences between age groups were not of statistical significance.

Conclusions: Drivers notice the adaptation of the autonomous braking strategy on snowy roads with reduced friction. On snowy roads, they feel safer and trust the adaptive system more than the nonadaptive automation.  相似文献   

194.
为增强煤矿突发事件应急救援能力,从事前检测、事中处置、事后恢复3个维度,构建煤矿突发事件应急救援能力评价体系;运用粗糙集(RS)计算与约简评价指标权重,引入服务管理中重要性-表现性分析(IPA),将评价结果显性化、可视化,提升评价结果的可展示性、易理解性。研究表明:基于RS-IPA的煤矿突发事件应急救援能力评价结果与企业实际救援水平一致,通过预警能力、救援水平、善后恢复能力等关键因素监测,可实现事前、事中、事后全方位管理,从而有效提高煤矿突发事件应急救援能力。  相似文献   
195.
石油化工企业事故应急救援预案现状及改进建议   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4  
石油化工行业是一个高危行业,具有易燃易爆、高温高压、有毒有害的特点,发生事故的概率高,且后果严重.制定事故应急救援预案是风险控制措施的一个重要组成部分,可以有效地防止事故的扩大,减轻事故造成的财产和生命损失.笔者主要探讨应急救援管理层面上的问题;阐述了我国政府和有关部门在应急救援管理方面的有关规定,石化行业的应急救援体系;指出了目前事故应急救援预案存在的不完善、不规范,应急装备不完备和缺乏社会救援联动机制等问题;建议企业和政府联合制定应急预案:形成企业、地方政府和国家三方事故应急救援联动机制,实现统一指挥,资源共享,协调作战,发挥整体应急救援能力.  相似文献   
196.
为有效降低应急物资政企协同管理下的物资损失,基于协同管理机制的特性,首先,分析协同管理成本、政府补贴力度、企业前景损益、政府惩罚力度等因素对政企双方演化博弈决策的影响;然后,构建非常规突发事件下应急物资储备政企协同演化博弈模型;最后,通过仿真试验验证常规环境和非常规突发事件下政府和企业的不同行为对应急物资储备的影响,探究企业行为策略和演化稳定性,并分析影响政企双方行为决策变化的因素。结果表明:适当的经济激励既可以提高应急物资储备的效率,又有利于促进企业主动承担社会责任,激发企业主导应急机制的落实推进;降低企业参与应急物资储备协同成本,提高企业主导落实应急物资储备带来的长期经济收益与社会收益,有利于提高对非常规突发事件的应对能力;两方博弈主体的成本收益满足一定条件时,系统将演化至稳定状态。  相似文献   
197.
炼厂酸性汽提净化水中酚含量高,限制了汽提净化水回用效率,需进行脱酚处理。本研究采用煤油、span-80、液体石蜡、磷酸三丁酯和NaOH构建乳化液膜,探究其对酸性水汽提净化水的脱酚效率。运用以响应曲面法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken设计,以span-80投加量、液体石蜡投加量、油相/内相比和制乳转速为影响因素,建立了汽提净化水中苯酚去除率的二次回归预测模型,并优化了处理条件。结果表明,液体石蜡投加量对苯酚去除率的影响最为显著,其次是span-80投加量。通过RSM分析得到汽提净化水脱酚的最佳实验条件为:span-80投加量2wt%,液体石蜡投加量15%v/v,油内比为1:1,制乳转速取6000r/min,此时苯酚去除率为98.65%。反应后的液膜易于破乳,破乳率达98.33%,且回收油相可循环利用,从而大大节约成本实现资源化。  相似文献   
198.
ABSTRACT: Stream channels are known to change their form as a result of watershed urbanization, but do they restabilize under subsequent conditions of constant urban land use? Streams in seven developed and developing watersheds (drainage areas 5–35 km2) in the Puget Sound lowlands were evaluated for their channel stability and degree of urbanization, using field and historical data. Protocols for determining channel stability by visual assessment, calculated bed mobility at bankfull flows, and resurveyed cross‐sections were compared and yielded nearly identical results. We found that channel restabilization generally does occur within one or two decades of constant watershed land use, but it is not universal. When (or if) an individual stream will restabilize depends on specific hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and its watershed; observed stability is not well predicted by simply the magnitude of urban development or the rate of ongoing land‐use change. The tendency for channel restabilization suggests that management efforts focused primarily on maintaining stability, particularly in a still‐urbanizing watershed, may not always be necessary. Yet physical stability alone is not a sufficient condition for a biologically healthy stream, and additional rehabilitation measures will almost certainly be required to restore biological conditions in urban systems.  相似文献   
199.
在应对跨区域环境风险方面,虽然地方政府与生产企业所扮演的角色不尽相同,但是支撑经济可持续发展的目标愿景是一致的。基于跨区域环境风险特点,提出政府与企业共同应对环境风险或突发环境事件的探索性设计,不仅可以缓解或化解跨区域环境保护的矛盾与困境,而且能够提高毗邻地方政府预防和处置跨区域环境风险或突发环境事件的应对能力。  相似文献   
200.
Ecological disturbances of forests by insects have a complex array of associated human dimensions presenting complications for natural resource decision making and relationships between stakeholders and managers. This article discusses the human context of forest disturbances by insects by reviewing four cases of bark beetle forest disturbance from British Columbia in Canada, Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany, the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, and the north central region of Colorado. Findings and lessons learned from these studies are outlined along with their implications for managing forest disturbances by insects in general. Conclusions focus on the need to assess the broad array of impacts and risks perceived by local residents and the capacity for local action and involvement in managing forest disturbances. Communication and interaction between resource managers and local stakeholders can facilitate the identification of management priorities and potentially reduce some of the risks associated with forest disturbances by insects.  相似文献   
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