基于Hilbert谱信息熵的煤矸放落振动特征分析

针对煤矿安全生产中的综放工作面煤矸界面探测问题,提出利用煤矸下落冲击钢板的振动特征来探测煤矸界面的方法。煤矸振动信号表现出非平稳特征,采用经验模态分解方法将复杂矿井环境下的煤矸振动信号分解成固有模态分量。选择包含煤矸振动特征的前7个本征模函数(IMF)分量,通过Hilbert变换得到Hilbert谱。分析不同放煤状态下钢板振动信号的Hilbert谱发现,顶煤下落时的Hilbert谱分布较均匀,而煤矸混放时的Hilbert谱呈现不均匀分布。根据信息熵理论,提出了基于Hilbert谱信息熵的煤矸振动特征提取方法。试验结果表明,顶煤下落时的Hilbert谱信息熵要大于煤矸混放时的Hilbert谱信息熵,因此,煤矸振动的Hilbert谱信息熵特征能够准确地反映放煤状态。     

2015~2020年海南省臭氧时空变化及其成因分析

基于2015～2020年海南省32个大气环境监测站监测数据,以及同期的常规气象观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解方法（EOF）、气候倾向率和趋势系数分析等方法,探讨了海南省O₃-8h（最大8 h平均）时空分布特征,及其与前体物和气象因子的关系.结果表明,海南省ρ（O₃-8h）呈北部和西部偏高,中部、东部和南部偏低的分布特征,最高值出现在东方市(91.5μg·m^-3). 2015～2020年共有12个市县ρ（O₃-8h）呈下降趋势,其中有6个市县达到了95%的信度检验.ρ（O₃-8h）季节变化特征明显,秋季最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季最低.秋季ρ（O₃-8h）表现为上升趋势,而其余三季为下降趋势. EOF分解的前两个特征向量场的累积方差为72.58%,能够较好地描述ρ（O₃-8h）的主要分布特征.第一模态体现了ρ（O₃-8h）变化的一致性,第二模态体现了地区性差异.ρ（O₃-8h）的变化与前体物和气...     

我国生态工业系统稳定性的结构型因素实证研究

在查阅国内外大量文献的基础上,提出了5个可能影响我国生态工业系统稳定性的结构型因素假设:关键种企业、成员距离、成员相互依赖程度、成员多样性、领导因素.并在全国47个生态工业系统进行统计实证研究加以证实.数据相关分析和回归分析结果表明:强有力的系统内部关键种企业、较少的成员交流障碍、较近的成员空间距离、多样化的成员企业主营业务等4个因素对我国生态工业系统稳定性有显著影响.对我国生态工业系统的发展提出了相应的政府决策建议.      

Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1

Abstract:  It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Studies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.     

基于Landsat数据的关中盆地腹地AOD时空格局及城市化对其影响

气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）是气溶胶最基本的光学特性之一,表征气溶胶对光的消减作用,对区域大气污染有一定的指示作用.首先,以2000~2019年长时间序列MOD09A1产品数据为基础,利用ASTER波谱数据库,构建了Landsat TM/OLI蓝光波段地表反射率数据集,利用深蓝算法（deep blue algorithm,DB）对关中盆地腹地AOD进行了反演估算.其次,通过测算2000~2019多年平均/各年平均AOD和季节AOD值,研究分析了AOD空间分布特征和时间变化趋势;利用经验正交函数分析方法（empirical orthogonal function,EOF）剖析了AOD主要的空间分布模式.最后,探索分析了城市化对AOD时空分布特征的影响.结果表明：①研究区多年平均AOD空间分布受地形和人类活动影响显著,低海拔且人类活动强度大的盆地内部AOD值和变化幅度均高于周围山系.AOD呈现出明显的季节差异性：春季（0.34） > 夏季（0.33） > 秋季（0.23） > 冬季（0.12）,夏季AOD区域差异性最大.②年均AOD呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势,2005年达到最大值;春夏两季AOD数值分布离散,而冬季则表现为低值集聚的状态.③EOF分析结果表明,研究区AOD存在3种主要的空间分布模态：第一,AOD空间分布模式表现为区域一致型,特征向量空间分布与海拔梯度一致,反映了不同海拔下AOD变化程度的差异;第二,以秦岭山脉为界,大致呈现南北反相的分布特征,反映出关中盆地地域发展的独特性和与南部秦岭山区的差异性;第三,"东南-西北"的分布格局,表明了AOD在"城镇-乡村"呈反相变化趋势;④研究区AOD值与常住人口密度（R²=0.707,P<0.05）、不透水面密度（R²=0.377,P<0.05）以及工业POI密度（R²=0.727,P<0.5）呈正相关关系,说明城市化对AOD时空分布有一定影响.本研究对加强关中盆地空气质量监测和城市生态环境建设具有重要的意义.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

污染减排影响经济发展的投入产出模型及实证分析

构建了环境经济投入产出模型,针对淘汰落后产能对经济发展的影响进行了实证研究,定量计算了2006～2007年问淘汰落后产能对于经济社会发展的贡献度和影响.研究表明,虽然淘汰落后产能对于传统的国民经济发展指标有一定负面影响,但对于优化经济增长方式确实起到了积极作用.一是优化了产业结构,第一、二、三产业结构由2005年的12.4%,48.6%,39.0%调整为2006年的12.5%,48.2%和39.3%,2007年调整为12.6%,47.8%和39.6%,第二产业所占比重逐步下降,第三产业所占比重逐步上升;在第二产业内部.造纸、食品、电力、炼焦、金属冶炼、非金属矿物制品业等重污染行业的增加值所占比重持续下降,产业结构逐步得到优化.二是提高了经济效率,从涉及到的造纸、食品、电力、炼焦、金属冶炼、非金属矿物制品业6个产业部门2006年和2007年的COD和SO_2的产污系数看,都比2005年有所降低.2006年和2007年,食品制造业的单位增加值COD排放量比2005年分别下降了6.6%和25.0%;金属冶炼及压延加工业的单位增加值SO_2排放量比2005年分别下降3.5%和6.9%.     

2021年夏季新乡市城区臭氧超标日污染特征及敏感性

基于2021年6～8月新乡市市委党校站点观测的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、常规空气污染物和气象参数,采用基于观测的模型(OBM)对臭氧(O₃)超标日的O₃敏感性和前体物的管控策略进行了研究.结果发现,O₃超标日呈现高温、低湿和低压的气象特征.在臭氧超标日,O₃及其前体物的浓度均有上升.臭氧超标日的VOCs最高浓度组分为含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和·OH反应性最大的VOCs组分为OVOCs.通过相对增量反应性(RIR)分析,新乡6月O₃超标日臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区,7月和8月处于VOCs和氮氧化物(NO_x)协同控制区,臭氧生成对烯烃和OVOCs最为敏感.6月各前体物的RIR值在一天中会发生变化,但始终保持为VOCs控制区;7月和8月在上午为VOCs控制区,中午为协同控制区,下午分别为协同控制区和NO_x控制区.通过模拟不同前体物削减情景,结果表明削减VOCs始终有利于管控臭氧,而削减NO_x     

浅析黄河流域及黄淮海平原降水时空分布特征及其与水资源合理利用之互补

黄河是西北—华北地区工农业生产和生活的重要水资源。如何结合流域内降水时空分布特征及农业需水规律,适应自然条件和经济发展,对黄河水从时间、空间、数量上进行调节性利用,达到河水与降水互补,对于充分利用黄河水资源具有重要意义。本文就此问题进行研究,用经验正交函数分解的方法对黄河流域不同年型和主要作物发育期的降水时空分布进行分析,并根据分析结果提出了合理利用黄河水资源的建议。