Brazil's Electric Power Choices and Their Corresponding Carbon Emissions Implications

This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three policy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental policy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy supplies. Results show that, in theabsence of alternative policies, new additions to Brazil's electric powersector will shift rapidly from hydroelectricity to combined-cycle natural gasplants. When the cost of environmental impacts are incorporated in theprice of power, the least-cost mix of electric power generation technologycould change in other ways. In all scenarios, energy efficiency andcogeneration play an important role in the least-cost power solution. Savingelectricity through increased efficiency offsets the needs for new supply andhas enormous potential in Brazil's industrial sector. Efficiency also reducesthe environmental burden associated with electricity production andtransmission, without compromising the quality of the services demandedby end users. Interesting enough, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions will remainrelatively low under almost every conceivable scenario.     

呼和浩特市发电厂污染物综合治理与资源化利用技术研究

本文以呼市发电厂废水、粉尘和灰场污染治理为例，研究制定发电厂粉煤灰综合治理与回收利用技术方案、旧灰场的生态工程建设和冲灰水的回收利用方案，通过污染物治理，废水的利用率达到85％，粉煤灰处理后的产草量和年利用率为98％，灰场的植被覆盖度达到97％，通过治理使发电厂的污染物排放量减少，废弃物资源得以利用，灰场变成环境优美的生态旅游区，为我国电厂的治理工作提供一个切实可行的科学依据。     

水厂排泥水的处理技术：分离水回用 泥饼综合利用及铝盐回收

介绍了水厂排泥水处理后,分离水的水质和回用、泥饼制砖和污泥用作水泥掺合料的方法和试验结果,以及铝盐回收的工艺。     

Estimation of the Thermal Sensitivity of a Dwelling to Variations in Architectural and Behavioural Parameters

The provision of energy for households is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the domestic sector. There is significant scope for energy savings and thus emission reduction in this sector. This paper constructs a bridge between thermal analysis and environmental assessment in the occupancy stage of the dwelling life cycle, approaching both methods as being on a common system Environment–Dwelling–Inhabitant. The importance of the local level in the thermal analysis and assessment of either a dwelling or an inhabitant's behaviour is demonstrated. It is shown that the researcher can choose between natural experiment, computer experiment and mathematical modelling to analyze the system. Such a choice is discussed for two particular methods of thermal analysis. Thermal Nomograms are the result of mathematical modelling, and the Energy Score Sheet is the result of a computer experiment in energy rating. Despite being developed for the purpose of thermal analysis, these methods can also be utilized for environmental assessment at the local level. The discussion centres on Australian conditions where the majority of the population resides in a relatively benign climate wherein behavioural alterations have significant potential for energy savings and environmental impact. The purpose of the paper is to emphasise benefits apart from energy minimisation to promote the use of energy efficient housing strategies.     

再生资源与原生资源的比较

分别阐述了我国目前原生资源与再生资源回收利用的现状，通过原生资源与再生资源在性能、经济发展、生态环境和节能方面的比较，使我们进一步认识再生资源，大力发展再生资源产业。     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

微波消解-分光光度法测定COD的研究

通过试验研究,提出了测定COD的新方法——微波消解-分光光度法。该方法准确度、精密度符合分析要求,与国标中回流法的测定结果没有显著差异。而且采用该方法测定COD可克服回流法、微波消解-滴定法及HACH-COD测定法的操作复杂、耗时长等缺点。     

从废水中回收磷的主要方法和常见工艺

磷污染是引起水体富营养化的重要原因,磷资源紧缺是我们即将面对的事实,同时解决这两方面问题的办法就是必须从含磷废水中回收磷。文章叙述从废水中回收磷的主要方法和原理,并介绍常见工艺流程。     

铜导线短路熔痕的SEM/EDS分析

在电气线路火灾原因的调查中,为更好地区分铜导线一次短路与二次短路的熔痕特征,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线能谱仪(EDS)对2种熔痕的形貌和相应的元素成分进行了试验研究。结果表明:铜导线一次短路与二次短路熔痕的表观形貌特征和元素成分具有明显的不同,二者的区别主要表现在熔痕表面所含的气孔、元素种类及导线本体与熔痕之间的过渡区方面,一次短路熔痕表面气孔多,元素种类少,导线与熔痕之间有明显界限,二次短路熔痕则相反。该研究结果可以区分短路熔痕形成的环境气氛,以此判断导线短路熔痕类型,为电气线路火灾原因的调查提供科学依据。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。