不同负荷CNG/汽油两用燃料电控发动机排放物对环境影响研究

CNG/汽油两用燃料发动机的开发是交通运输领域解决能源危机和环境污染的问题最为便捷和有效的途径.基于一台4RB2电控汽油机加装顺序喷射天然气系统,在完成动力性标定的基础上,开展了发动机在不同负荷CNG/汽油两种燃烧模式下,能量消耗和NOx、HC、CO等有害排放物对环境影响研究.结果发现,各测试负荷工况下,发动机燃用CNG的能耗比燃用汽油的低,NOx、HC、CO三种有害排放物亦优于汽油燃烧模式,说明了CNG作为点燃式发动机燃料对保护环境的优越性.     

Optimum autonomous photovoltaic solution for the Greek islands on the basisof energy pay-back analysis

Although autonomous photovoltaic (PV) systems are identified as renewable energy technologies able to satisfy the electrification needs of remote consumers, they are strongly accused of their life-cycle energy requirements. To support the specific systems' sustainable character one should be able to ensure minimum period of energy pay-back. In this context, an optimum sizing methodology is developed for stand-alone PV-battery systems in order to obtain configurations of minimum energy content. The proposed methodology is applied to three representative islands across the Greek territory and the results obtained are favourably compared with the up to now – commonly used – diesel-electric generator solution.     

柴油品质对1台典型欧Ⅳ柴油机性能影响的研究

为提出与我国第4阶段排放法规相适应的车用柴油标准,作为北京市"汽车-油品"项目的研究内容之一,在1台满足欧Ⅳ排放法规的柴油机上对不同品质参数的8种柴油进行对比试验.结果表明,柴油品质参数变化对试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机动力性、燃油经济性和缸内燃烧过程影响很小;微粒中的硫酸盐和气态SO2排放量均随硫含量上升而线性增加;十六烷值增加,比油耗和PM排放稍有下降、NOx排放稍有上升;T90下降,NOx排放下降、PM有降低趋势.在试验数据基础上,拟合得到了试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机ESC循环SCR前NOx和PM排放量随柴油硫含量、十六烷值、蒸馏特性T90和芳香烃含量4个参数变化的预测公式.     

氧化催化转化器对甲醇压燃尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式发动机上,采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式进行了台架实验,利用气相色谱分析技术检测了1800r·min<'-1时发动机尾气中甲醛的排放特性,对比研究了负荷、甲醇掺烧比、排气温度.催化转化器对甲醛排放的影响.研究结果表明,在压燃式发动机上采用DMCC模式,低负荷运行时,尾气中甲醛含量随甲醇掺烧比的增加而增多,在甲醇掺烧比为46%时.甲醛排放量达到180 x 10<'-6(体积分数),催化后可以减少25%～45%;在中,高负荷运行时.甲醛排放量随甲醇掺烧比的变化基本不变,高负荷比中负荷运行时甲醛排放稍高.但尾气经催化处理后,甲醛排放反而增加,最高增加1倍.催化转化器的转化效果与排气温度密切相关,当排气温度在大约300°C以下时,催化转化器可以降低甲醛排放量;当温度为300°C～410°C时,催化后尾气中的甲醛排放较催化前有所增加;当排气温度高于425°C时.催化后尾气中甲醛排放显著减少.     

不同燃料柴油机多环芳烃排放特征的试验研究

在一台直喷式柴油机上,采用玻璃纤维滤纸及XAD-2吸附管采集、超声和索氏提取、气质联用分析等技术,测量了燃用柴油、生物柴油及其调合油B50排气中的多环芳烃类污染物（PAHs）.研究表明,柴油机颗粒相PAHs排放随着负荷的增大呈现降低的趋势,气相PAHs排放随着负荷呈现先降低后升高的趋势.与柴油相比,生物柴油的颗粒相和气...     

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units (CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2) with di erent specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle (ESC). An electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate (RCR) of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) at higher loads.     

新疆拖拉机污染物排放时间序列及其影响因素

基于燃油消耗建立了新疆1993~2017年农田作业拖拉机PM₁₀,PM_2.5,HC,NO_x和CO排放时间序列清单,并分析了其演变趋势.从经济发展水平,拖拉机自身的影响和科学技术3个维度出发构建了以柴油机为主要动力的拖拉机污染物排放影响因素清单,并基于粗糙集理论定量分析了污染物排放影响因素.结果表明：1993~2017年新疆拖拉机污染物排放总量处于上升趋势,25a增长了2.0527倍,年均增长率3.67%,单位功率排放量下降了40.03%.农业机械排放标准的提高对污染物排放治理的作用明显.对污染物排放影响因素的定量分析结果显示,总动力、拖拉机数量、机耕面积、机播面积、机收面积、农业机械购置投入、农户固定资产投入和单位功率排放量对污染物排放的影响程度分别为0.2591,0.2491,0.0841,0.0759,0.0934,0.0568,0.0701,0.0701.经济发展水平、拖拉机自身的影响和科学技术对拖拉机污染物影响程度分别为：0.6350,0.2530和0.1119.建立的排放清单和变化趋势较好的反映新疆农业机械污染物排放现状,所得出的结果较好的反映了新疆社会经济,农业机械化和科技水平对拖拉机污染物排放的影响程度.     

某涡桨发动机隔振安装系统弹性参数优化研究

目的降低某型涡桨发动机安装系统中存在的振动耦合。方法在ADAMS中建立该涡桨发动机安装系统的动力学模型,以发动机安装系统模态频率及侧向、垂向模态对应的振动解耦率为优化条件,通过ADAMS/insight模块对该动力学模型进行刚度优化。结果通过优化,发动机安装系统侧向模态频率为8.03 Hz,垂向模态频率为28.23Hz,满足隔振要求。侧向、偏航、俯仰模态实现了振动解耦,解耦率均在97%以上。由于主隔振器结构特点,垂向、航向、滚转模态仍存在振动耦合,可考虑改变主隔振器结构以降低该振动耦合。结论所述方法可提高涡桨发动机安装系统的振动解耦率,降低安装系统的刚度设计难度,进而提高涡桨发动机安装系统的隔振效率。     

长期立贮固体发动机药柱变形预估方法研究

目的 研究老化与颠振影响下长期立式贮存固体发动机药柱的蠕变特性,基于广义Kelvin模型,构建一种考虑老化和损伤因素的蠕变本构模型。方法 通过开展温度与应力加速蠕变试验、高温加速老化试验以及往复拉伸损伤试验,获得老化与损伤对蠕变的影响规律,建立蠕变预测模型,获取模型参数,并将其嵌入有限元软件。结果 利用所得蠕变本构模型计算了某型发动机立式贮存15 a后药柱蠕变的应力应变,结果表明,考虑老化因素后,发动机药柱的最大等效应力增大了96.84%,最大等效应变减小了4.07%,在同时考虑老化与损伤因素后,最大等效应力增加了82.77%,最大等效应变减小了3.62%。结论 对比不同条件下的仿真结果,老化和损伤对发动机蠕变状态的影响较大。使用该模型能够较好地体现出固体发动机药柱的老化硬化和损伤软化。     

贵金属和助剂负载量对柴油公交车CDPF颗粒净化性能的影响

为研究CDPF(催化型颗粒捕集器)贵金属和助剂负载量对柴油公交车颗粒排放特性的影响,对一台满足国Ⅲ排放法规的柴油公交车进行改造,加装4种不同后处理装置,并进行道路实车排放试验.结果表明,CDPF贵金属负载量越高,排气颗粒数量浓度越低,在中高车速下尤为明显(60 km·h-1车速下贵金属负载量增加5 g·ft-3,颗粒排放总数降低70.8%).贵金属负载量对排放颗粒物中核态颗粒的影响大于聚集态颗粒.在保证对排气颗粒的净化效果的前提下,在CDPF中添加适量镧系助剂,可使贵金属和助剂负载量大幅降低.不同后处理方案对加速工况不敏感,净化效果差异较小,但减速工况,各方案对颗粒的净化效果差异较大.