Performance analysis of bioethanol (Water Hyacinth) on diesel engine

The increasing consumption and excessive extraction of conventional fuels is the matter of serious concern. Nowadays, world is looking for alternative sources of fuel which can partially replace conventional fuel dependence. The current investigation intends to provide evaluation of bio-ethanol preparation from Water Hyacinth (WH) and its influence on diesel engine performance under various operating conditions. This study explores the extraction of glucose from WH (Eichhornia crassipes) pretreated with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) for production of bio-ethanol. For the production of bio-ethanol different concentrations of H₂SO₄ acid hydrolysate (1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) were prepared which was then followed by fermentation with cellulose fermenting yeasts. From results, it was observed that 4% H₂SO₄ acid hydrolysis produces higher concentrations of ethanol than other concentrations. Bio-ethanol extracted from WH was blended with diesel in different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) v/v and performance and emissions were experimentally investigated on single cylinder diesel engine under various load conditions. Experimental results show that 5 BED [5% bio-ethanol (WH + 95%diesel v/v) and 10BED (10% bio-ethanol (WH + 90%diesel v/v)] produces higher brake power, brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure with improved exhaust emission profiles than any other blend.     

Analysis of emission characteristics of gas turbine engines with some alternative fuels

The paper concerns the comparative analysis of combustion characteristics of different alternative fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK), cryogenic methane, bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, dimethyl ether, biodiesel and conventional aviation kerosene Jet-A as well as analysis of emissions of NO_x, CO, CO₂, H₂O, HNO_y (y = 2,3) and organics for gas turbine engine operating on these fuels. The analysis has shown that the usage of all considered alternative fuels results in the increase of H₂O emission, compared to kerosene-fueled combustor, and, as consequence, in the growth of water vapor supersaturation that can increase the rate of the H₂O vapor condensation and enhance the formation of contrails and cirrus clouds in the atmosphere. The usage of all considered alternative fuels except FT-SPK, cryogenic methane and dimethyl can increase the CO₂ emission compared to using of kerosene. Emission of N-containing species can be reduced upon the usage of considered alternative fuels, except dimethyl ether, for which one can expect the increase in the emissions of HNO₂ and HNO₃ approximately by 10%. The emission of CO decreases for all fuels except biodiesel. The major decrease can be achieved upon the replacement of kerosene to bioethanol.     

柴油发电机环境低频噪声影响防治初探

以设在民用住宅里的柴油发电机环境低频噪声对环境的影响为研究对象,就柴油发电机环境低频噪声对环境敏感点的影响进行监测,了解民用住宅里的柴油发电机环境噪声对环境的影响水平,参照我国的国家标准作环境影响评价,探讨民用住宅里的柴油发电机环境低频噪声对环境的污染防治对策.     

缸内直喷汽油发动机电子装备振动环境试验的标准化和要点

对缸内直喷汽油发动机上装用的电子装备振动环境试验标准化过程和要点作了介绍.也列举了一些验证中可能产生影响的因素.供产品标准制修订和实验室在设计试验时参考.     

柴油机尾气净化用的钙钛矿型催化剂的研究

用浸渍法制备了多种ABO_3型催化剂,考察了多种因素对其活性的影响及作用机制。柴油机台架实验结果表明,在A位掺杂Sr可提高催化剂的活性;稀土在最后一次浸渍液中浸渍,以二次浸渍为宜;堇青石陶瓷蜂窝状催化剂的性能优于γ-Al_2O_3球状催化剂。蜂窝状催化剂上CO的起燃温度T_(50)％=110℃,而T_(90)％=157℃;在温度仅为200℃,而空速高达70000h~(-1)的条件下CO的净化率仍达90％;积碳起燃温度为323℃,优于Pt族贵金属催化剂;热稳定性和对CO浓度的适应性较好,且具有抗SO_2中毒能力。     

汽油发动机生命周期能源消耗和环境影响评价

本研究应用生命周期评价方法,依据ISO 14040和ISO 14044等国际标准,通过中国某汽车生产企业的实地调研,核算了汽油发动机的累积能源需求(CED)、全球增温潜势(GWP 100 a)、酸化潜势(AP)、光化学氧化剂形成潜势(POCP)和富营养化潜势(EP)这5个方面的环境影响.结果表明,各类型的环境影响指标中,均是使用阶段的贡献最大,占贡献总量的48%~94%;其次是原材料的获取阶段,原材料的获取阶段对于AP与EP的贡献大于44%,而对于其他类别的环境影响的贡献在9%~27%之间;生产阶段对各种环境影响的贡献小于8%.本研究辨识了汽油发动机全生命周期重大环境影响过程和关键贡献因素,为绿色发动机的设计研发及政府政策的制定提供决策支持.     

新疆拖拉机污染物排放时间序列及其影响因素

基于燃油消耗建立了新疆1993~2017年农田作业拖拉机PM₁₀,PM_2.5,HC,NO_x和CO排放时间序列清单,并分析了其演变趋势.从经济发展水平,拖拉机自身的影响和科学技术3个维度出发构建了以柴油机为主要动力的拖拉机污染物排放影响因素清单,并基于粗糙集理论定量分析了污染物排放影响因素.结果表明：1993~2017年新疆拖拉机污染物排放总量处于上升趋势,25a增长了2.0527倍,年均增长率3.67%,单位功率排放量下降了40.03%.农业机械排放标准的提高对污染物排放治理的作用明显.对污染物排放影响因素的定量分析结果显示,总动力、拖拉机数量、机耕面积、机播面积、机收面积、农业机械购置投入、农户固定资产投入和单位功率排放量对污染物排放的影响程度分别为0.2591,0.2491,0.0841,0.0759,0.0934,0.0568,0.0701,0.0701.经济发展水平、拖拉机自身的影响和科学技术对拖拉机污染物影响程度分别为：0.6350,0.2530和0.1119.建立的排放清单和变化趋势较好的反映新疆农业机械污染物排放现状,所得出的结果较好的反映了新疆社会经济,农业机械化和科技水平对拖拉机污染物排放的影响程度.     

La1-xAlxFeO3催化剂降低甲醇/柴油二元燃料发动机非常规排放研究

采用喷雾热分解法制备了一系列钙钛矿型催化剂La_(1-x)Al_xFeO_3(x=0、0.3、0.5、0.7),采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜,表征了La_(1-x)Al_xFeO_3相组成和微观形貌,评价了催化剂表面化学形态和催化活性指标.在发动机试验台架上,对甲醇/柴油发动机尾气中的甲醛、甲醇、1,3-丁二烯和N_2O进行了催化降解试验.结果表明:在La_(1-x)Al_xFeO_3中掺杂适宜量的Al有助于提高催化剂活性,改善催化剂比表面积和孔容积.当Al掺杂量为0.5时,所制备的La_(0.5)Al_(0.5)Fe O_3催化剂对甲醇、甲醛、丁二烯和N_2O的起燃温度(T50)分别为192、172、180和212℃,完全转化温度(T90)分别为227、205、240和324℃,呈现了良好的低温催化活性.对甲醇、甲醛、1,3-丁二烯和N_2O最大比排放分别为5.2×10~3、0.6×10~3、0.02和11.23 mg·k W~(-1)·h~(-1).与原发动机比排放相比,转化率达到了92%以上.表明La0.5Al0.5Fe O_3为适宜用于甲醇/柴油发动机尾气中非常规排放物低温催化降解的催化剂.     

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units (CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2) with di erent specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle (ESC). An electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate (RCR) of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) at higher loads.     

直喷式柴油机颗粒排放控制研究

简要分析了柴油机颗粒排放的形成机理，并评述了有关颗粒控制技术的前处理、机内控制和后处理方法。最后，指出有效降低颗粒排放的方向。