Metabolism of nC11 fatty acid fed to Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum II: Production of intracellular and extracellular lipids

Abstract

Little is known about the fungal metabolism of nC₁₀ and nC₁₁ fatty acids and their conversion into lipids. A mixed batch culture of soil fungi, T. koningii and P. janthinellum, was grown on undecanoic acid (UDA), a mixture of UDA and potato dextrose broth (UDA+PDB), and PDB alone to examine their metabolic conversion during growth. We quantified seven intracellular and extracellular lipid classes using Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to quantify 42 individual fatty acids. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed fungal culture grown on UDA+PDB produced the highest amount of intracellular (531 mg) and extracellular (14.7 mg) lipids during the exponential phase. The content of total intracellular lipids represented 25% of the total biomass-carbon, or 10% of the total biomass dry weight produced. Fatty acids made up the largest class of intracellular lipids (457 mg/150 mL culture) and they were synthesized at a rate of 2.4 mg/h during the exponential phase, and decomposed at a rate of 1.8 mg/h during the stationary phase, when UDA+PDB was the carbon source. Palmitic acid (C_16:0), stearic acid (C_18:0), oleic acid (C_18:1), linoleic acid (C_18:2) and vaccenic acid (C_18:1) accounted for >80% of the total intracellular fatty acids. During exponential growth on UDA+PDB, hydrocarbons were the largest pool of all extracellular lipids (6.5 mg), and intracellularly they were synthesized at a rate of 64 μg/h. The mixed fungal species culture of T. koningii and P. janthinellum produced many lipids for potential use as industrial feedstocks or bioproducts in biorefineries.     

基于小波和 EMD 的电阻探针监测信号自适应去噪

目的从监测信号中恢复有效腐蚀信息(长期变化趋势、周期性窄带尖峰),提出一种基于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和小波阈值去噪(Wavelet Threshold Denoised,WTD)相结合的自适应去噪算法(EMD-WTD)。方法先将信号进行EMD分解,利用最大信息系数(Max Information Coefficient,MIC)判断噪声主导和有效信号主导信号分量的分界点,然后将噪声主导的信号分量进行自适应小波阈值去噪。最后以人工模拟信号和电阻探针监测信号进行验证。结果 EMD-WTD算法能有效去除噪声,信噪比可提升10 d B以上。结论与多个去噪算法相比,EMD-WTD算法能够更好地保留信号中周期性窄带尖峰信息,为后续准确建立电阻探针监测信号与环境之间的数学模型奠定了基础。     

Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Abstract

Objective: Particular testing by functional decomposition of the automated driving function can potentially contribute to reducing the effort of validating highly automated driving functions. In this study, the required size of test suites for scenario-based testing and the potential to reduce it by functional decomposition are quantified for the first time.

Methods: The required size of test suites for scenario-based approval of a so-called Autobahn-Chauffeur (SAE Level 3) is analyzed for an exemplary set of scenarios. Based on studies of data from failure analyses in other domains, the possible range for the required test coverage is narrowed down and suitable discretization steps, as well as ranges for the influence parameters, are assumed. Based on those assumptions, the size of the test suites for testing the complete system is quantified. The effects that lead to a reduction in the parameter space for particular testing of the decomposed driving function are analyzed and the potential to reduce the validation effort is estimated by comparing the resulting test suite sizes for both methods.

Results: The combination of all effects leads to a reduction in the test suites’ size by a factor between 20 and 130, depending on the required test coverage. This means that the size of the required test suite can be reduced by 95–99% by particular testing compared to scenario-based testing of the complete system.

Conclusions: The reduction potential is a valuable contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during the validation of highly automated driving. However, this study is based on assumptions and only a small set of exemplary scenarios. Thus, the findings have to be validated in further studies.     

易燃易爆场所静电事故链路及断链减灾模式

为了探究易燃易爆场所静电事故形成过程及防护机理,基于事故链式理论,以及静电点燃源形成过程和爆炸性环境形成过程这2条并行支链,绘制了易燃易爆场所静电事故链路;通过事故案例说明了静电事故链路的实用性;研究了静电荷、易燃/可燃物质在外界扰动作用下的特征形态。研究结果表明:静电事故断链减灾模式包括静电点燃源断链减灾模式、爆炸性环境断链减灾模式以及降低事故影响的事故后果断链减灾模式;针对静电事故的各类断链减灾模式,提出了相应的防护措施,可为易燃易爆场所静电事故防护提供系统性的指导方案。     

烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液对莴苣的化感作用

为了研究烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液及其不同组分的化感作用,以对化感物质具有高敏感性的莴苣(Lactuca sativa)为指示材料,对烟草品种K326凋萎叶早期腐解液及其分离后的各组分分别进行了化感潜力的生物测定.结果表明:1)早期腐解液及其组分随处理浓度的增大对莴苣种子萌发的抑制效应逐渐增强,且显著降低了种子萌发速率,并延...     

河南省气溶胶光学特性的时空变化特征

利用2001～2018年的Terra MODIS C6.1气溶胶产品对河南省大气气溶胶光学特性进行研究,分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、气溶胶垂直柱质量浓度(AMC)和细粒子比(FMF)的时空分布特征,并针对代表性区域研究了气溶胶光学参数的时间变化特征.结果表明,河南省年均AOD和AMC及其在各个季节的空间分布均为东高西低、北高南低,与河南省特殊地势、人口分布及各地区企业数量有关,而FMF的空间分布与AOD和AMC分布相反.春季AMC值最高,而FMF值最低,表明春季主要是受到沙尘气溶胶的影响.夏季AOD和FMF值最高,而AMC值较低,主要是夏季气溶胶吸湿增长作用增强导致AOD高值出现,雨水冲刷与二次气溶胶生成量增加使夏季以细模态气溶胶为主.秋、冬季河南省AOD和AMC值相对较低,FMF值略高于春季.河南省AOD和AMC呈现逐年下降趋势;而FMF呈现上升趋势,而且2011年之后AOD、AMC和FMF的月平均峰谷差值均有所减少.     

石墨烯在功能涂料中的应用研究进展

首先简要描述了石墨烯的发展现状以及当前石墨烯的主要分散方式,然后综合概述了近几年来石墨烯在防腐涂料、导电涂料、散热涂料、电磁屏蔽涂料以及其他功能涂料中的应用研究进展情况,并对石墨烯涂层性能随石墨烯的添加方式、添加量、分散技术的变化趋势进行了叙述。研究结果表明,当适量的石墨烯材料以均匀状态分散至涂料中时,对涂层综合性能有着显著的提升。最后对石墨烯功能涂料的研究工作提出了自己的建议。     

环境-社会系统管理与可持续发展

提出以环境-社会系统管理推进可持续发展。就是要寓经济发展于生态化中。寓生态建设于经济化中．寓社会发展于生态和经济的协调发展之中．为“经济-社会-环境”系统建立一个健康、安全、和谐的可持续发展模式。     

Characteristics of Carbon Emission in China and Analysis on Its Cause

From the history of human economic development, it is known that there is a close relationship between economic development and environment quality. Thus, in this study a factor decomposition model of carbon emission in China is built and the contributions that economic scale, industrial structure, and carbon emission intensity make to carbon emission quantitatively from 1990 to 2005 are analyzed, in other words—scale effect, structural effect, and technical effect—using the decomposition method of average distribution cushion which is based on the environmental Kuznets curves model is studied. The result suggests that the average of the effect changes of carbon emission in China is 19.55%, the effects brought by economic scale, industrial structure, and carbon emission intensity are 15.76%, −0.86%, and 4.65%, respectively. In general, the relation between carbon emission and China's economy was more like an “N” curve; Economy scale is a primary drive factor and has incremental effect to carbon emission. Since otherness of different industry is getting bigger, the industrial restructure has certain decremental effect to carbon emission, but the restrictive function is not obvious, the industrial structure still need to be further optimized; the technical effect is positive and its volatility is large. From the perspective of reducing carbon emission, the current technology has not played to its advantages. This study will promote the understanding of the theory about the relationship between carbon emission and economy development and provide reference value by all means to the adjustment of industrial development.     

北京工业循环经济发展模式与发展重点分析

在北京市经济发展的新时期．循环经济理念和发展模式的引入进一步提升了北京经济增长的质量．促进北京经济向着“低投入、高产出、可循环”的方向发展。在压缩的工业化和工业制造业耗能过大的双重压力下,北京应积极探索工业循环经济的发展模式。立足予北京工业循环经济的发展现实,提出企业清洁生产模式、生态工业固模式和工业废弃物可持续利用模式．通过对北京市第一次经济普查数据能源消费与水资源消费的数据进行标准差和平均值的比较计算。认为北京应积极压缩耗能商、污染大的化学原料及化学制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延工业、电力、热力的生产和供应业。实现产业的循环转型;高新技术产业的循环经济发展是北京市循环工业发展的关键环节;最后通过对重点生态工业示范园区的产业集群分析,提出今后北京重点发展的生态工业园。