INTERVENTION ANALYSIS OF WATER USE RESTRICTIONS,AUSTIN, TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: Mandatory water conservation in the form of restrictions on outdoor watering, car washing, and recreation was implemented in the City of Austin, Texas, during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Three different stages of restrictions were implemented limiting the number of watering hours per day, as well as a restriction that allowed lawn watering once every five days according to the last digit of the street address, Intervention analysis using a transfer function-noise model of daily water use is applied to assess the impact of the restrictions. Compared to a peak water use rate of about 170 MGD, it is shown that mandatory restrictions in 1984 reduced water use by an average of 13.5 MGD, while similar restrictions during the summer of 1985 reduced usage by an average of 5.5 MGD. Lawn watering restrictions on a five-day cycle produced a corresponding five-day cycle in water use of more than 10 MGD in amplitude in 1985. An alternative lawn watering scheme that eliminates this cycle is prescribed.     

The effect of positive work reflection during leisure time on affective well‐being: Results from three diary studies

Previous research showed that psychological detachment from work during leisure time is beneficial and that reflecting on negative aspects of work is detrimental for employees' well‐being. However, little is known about the role of positive reflection about work during leisure time. In the present research, we examined the effects of positive work reflection on affective well‐being. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of an intervention to increase positive work reflection and to improve well‐being with a randomized controlled field experiment. Findings from three diary studies showed that positive work reflection was related to an increase in affective well‐being with regard to both positive and negative moods. The results further indicated that the benefits of positive work reflection were incremental to that of psychological detachment and the absence of negative work reflection. Contrary to our expectation, no evidence was found for the effectiveness of the intervention. Theoretical implications of main findings as well as supplementary findings are further discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Epidemiological and biomechanical evaluation of airline baggage handling

Objectives. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are prevalent among airline baggage handlers due to manual materials handling. In this study, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ), the revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, and the University of Michigan 3D Static Strength Prediction Program? (3DSSPP) were used to analyze MSDs among baggage handlers. Methods. The NMQ was filled out by 209 baggage handlers and 46 arbitrarily selected baggage handlers were evaluated using the NIOSH method and 3DSSPP. Results. The obtained results showed that the most common MSDs occurred in the lower back region. The next risky regions included knees, neck, and upper back, respectively. The NIOSH results confirmed that the subjects lifted loads heavier than the permitted limit and their lifting postures were inappropriate. The results of the 3DSSPP also indicated that compression forces exceeded the NIOSH limit in these awkward postures. Conclusions. Relying on this study, holding compulsory ergonomic lifting training courses could be proposed for workers and regulations adjusting an upper limit for maximum baggage weight must be also enacted in order to improve occupational health and prevent the prevalence of increasing MSDs.     

护理干预对前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑情绪的影响

探讨护理干预对前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑情绪的影响．方法将120例拟行经尿道前列腺电切术的前列腺增生症患者随机分为干预组和对照组,各60例．对照组予以常规护理,干预组在此基础上给予护理干预,采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）测量两组患者入院后（干预前）及手术前（干预后）焦虑值．结果干预组手术前SAS评分较入院后明显降低（P〈0．05）,且明显低于同期对照组（P〈0．05）．结论护理干预在缓解前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑,积极调整心理状态方面优于一般心理护理．表1,参5．     

Seeing,believing, and behaving: Heterogeneous effects of an information intervention on household water treatment

Providing information about environmental health risks only sometimes induces protective action. This raises questions about whether and how risk information is understood and acted upon, and how responses vary across contexts. To characterize such variation, we stratified a randomized experiment related to household water quality across two periurban areas in Cambodia. When we showed specific evidence of water contamination to lower-SES households who were initially more optimistic about water safety, they altered their beliefs about health risk and increased their demand for a treatment product. However, demand for the treatment product among higher and initially more pessimistic SES households did not change significantly. These findings highlight the importance of better understanding heterogeneity in the specific drivers of responses to health risk information.     

建筑基坑施工习惯性不安全行为干预研究

事故致因"2-4模型"提出习惯性行为是引发事故的间接原因,为了提高基坑作业人员安全知识、安全意识和安全习惯,防止基坑坍塌事故对工程施工造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,以西安某地铁施工现场为调查对象,同时根据跨理论模型(TTM)的行为干预方法,设立对照组和实验组,使用SPSS软件分析对调查对象进行对比分析.研究表明:基于TTM...     

灌区工程生态环境影响评价特点与展望

随着我国人口的增长及人民物质生活水平的不断提高,灌区工程作为粮食安全的重要保障,未来其建设步伐将不断向前迈进,而作为预防、治理生态破坏的基础,灌区工程开展生态环境影响评价的现实意义及作用将日益显著。本文介绍了大中型灌区工程主要生态环境影响,及灌区工程生态环境影响评价特点和重点,并对灌区工程生态环境影响评价进一步完善与发展进行了展望。     

我国空间规划体系的整体演进历程解析——基于时空演进系统过程的分析框架

本文从国家视域角度对不同阶段我国空间规划的整体演进加以解析。空间规划体系演进本质上是在主导价值取向、社会经济模式、国家治理体系等整体背景环境的影响下,人（群）的需求/目标诉诸一系列有组织的空间治理工具,对地域空间系统进行综合干预的一个时空演进过程。我国空间规划体系的历程解析需要重点关注“社会经济阶段及国家战略导向—国家治理体系的整体安排与调整—地域空间特征与变化引致的治理尺度更易”所联立的三大子过程。研究发现,纵观1949年后我国空间规划体系的演变历程,规划的功能定位从单一工具向多类型的复杂工具体系发展;规划干预和空间治理的目标与任务也从开发建设导向变为开发保护兼顾,进而强调多元平衡和优化。而这一过程深受国家治理体系和战略取向的塑造,即由国家基本建设转变为以经济建设为中心,由社会经济调控向社会经济生态综合调整转变。     

安全人机工效实验室规划研究

安全人机工效学是安全工程科学的重要组成部分,而安全人机工效实验是该学科研究的重要基础,安全人机工效实验围绕作业环境与作业活动模拟、作业人员心理、生理、劳动负荷等参数变化需要通过大量实验进行研究,因此有必要建立基础性、综合性、开放性与动态性相结合的人机工效实验室。通过国内外调研,根据初步规划研究建立基础测量、虚拟仿真与监测、心理与行为分析、综合评估等4个实验室,可初步形成安全人机工效实验研究平台,为进一步实现安全与健康并重安全工程研究提供良好的基础条件。