区域生态环境预警的原理与方法

本文提出了以区域持续发展的能力作为区域生态环境预警的综合指标,进一步用承载力、稳定性、缓冲力、生产力和调控力作为衡量区域持续发展的能力。选取生态、环境和社会经济指标对区域生态环境质量进行评价,以及对经济发展的协调性和适应性进行分析,作出判断和预警,并讨论了区域生态环境预警的综合方法。     

山西煤矿的生态环境问题及其对策

详细论述了山西煤矿因采煤而引发的区域性自然灾害，水环境污染，水资源枯竭，水土流失等生态环境问题，并对其提出相应的治理措施。     

太原市水资源开发利用中的环境问题及其对策

在分析太原市水资源系统及开发利用现状的基础上，论述了在太原市水资源开发利用过程中所产生的环境问题，并提出相应的治理措施。     

环境经济问题的哲学思考—生态经济系统的基本矛盾及其解决途径

本文从阐述生态经济系统、生态经济平衡和生态经济效益等生态经济学的基本范畴入手，揭示生态经济问题产生和演变的内在机理－生态经济系统的基本矛盾；从经济发展、人口增长、生产力进步而与资源缺口、环境容量、生态平衡等的相互关系，分析生态经济基本矛盾的种种表现；从原始社会、农业社会和工业社会等几个主要阶段，阐明生态经济基本矛盾产生和发展的一般过程，并从自然生态系统与社会经济系统在运动周期性、有序性、运行路线与运行机制等方面异同，着重论述产生生态经济基本矛盾的原因，进一步阐明生态问题演变的规律性。探讨解决生态经济基本矛盾的途径，即通过控制人口，转变经济增长方式，实施资源替代战略和地域优势互补，建立生态化的产业和区域发展模式，进行环境与资源市场化的制度创新，实现人口、资源、环境与经济的协调发展。     

SELECTED CHALLENGES IN RUNOFF GENERATION RESEARCH IN FORESTS FROM THE HILLSLOPE TO HEADWATER DRAINAGE BASIN SCALE1

ABSTRACT: When faced with practical forest land management issues such as the impacts of logging or forest conversion to other land uses, planners ideally require a comprehensive understanding of within drainage basin hydrological processes to determine the most vulnerable areas to increased storm runoff and erosion. Land managers in particular need to know the source areas and magnitude of inputs to the storm hydrograph, in terms of water quantity, sediment and solute transport; and the routing of such hydrographs from headwater to larger drainage basins. The latter includes an overall assessment at various scales of the impacts of forest disturbance and conversion on the water balance. This paper will focus on runoff generation in terms of identifying the various pathways and source areas. Such aspects will be linked with the need for a more comprehensive effort towards the field testing of so-called ‘physically based’ models of runoff generation. Some of the controversial issues arising from the difficulties in reconciling results from hydrochemical investigations with complementary hydrometric studies will be highlighted. Subsequently, attention will be given to topographic-wetness models, which have promising applications in forestland management. In addition, alternative simple models for application at the catchment scale will be assessed. The latter is in recognition that at smaller scales, heterogeneity both in time and space of soil hydraulic properties demand a greater number of parameters in modelling. Such considerations can even prove an obstacle in terms of the confident application of ‘physically based’ models.     

火力发电行业开展排污单位自行监测关键问题探讨

自行监测是排污许可制度的重要技术支撑。针对火力发电行业自行监测质量参差不齐的现实情况,笔者依据国家颁布的技术指南和行业检测机构实践经验,在调查研究全国有代表性的21家火力发电厂自行监测开展情况的基础上,对制度、方案、机制、管理等方面的关键问题进行了探讨,提出了加强企业自行监测制度建设、借助专业机构支撑、创新监测监督联合机制、发挥集团管控作用等方面的措施建议。     

LINKING AIR ISSUES WITH DOSE-RESPONSE AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL-CYCLE MODELS

This paper describes the roles that dose-response andbiogeochemical-cycle models play in the comparative and integratedassessment of several atmospheric issues. The two approaches aredescribed briefly, as they are commonly used, and as they might beapplied when multiple stressors and receptors, and when interactingcycles, respectively, are involved. Examples are drawn from thecarbon and sulfur cycles to demonstrate how knowledge of a cycleprovides a useful link among various current pollution issues. Possibleinteractions and some shortcomings of the two approaches are given,leading to suggestions for the appropriate use of the two tools forscientific analysis and policy development for the various air issues.     

变更管理重要性和现存问题及其对策探讨

变更管理(Management of Change,MOC)在美国OSHA标准和我国工艺安全管理(PSM)体系中均被列为一个重要要素,但是由于我国管理起步较晚和缺乏经验等原因,导致MOC管理普遍存在问题。本文论述了变更管理的概念和起源,并以事故例证方式说明MOC管理不当是造成国内外很多重大事故的原因,从而阐述了加强其管理的重要意义。以某石化企业借鉴国外先进管理经验并结合企业变更管理实际为例,重点论述变更实施过程管理、风险分析及分类审批方法,以及保障变更资料完整性和准确性3个方面问题的解决对策和方法尝试,供其它企业参考,共同降低整个社会的风险。     

A new method for calculating saddle seat height with an emphasis on optimal posture based on trigonometric relations

Introduction. Based on the literature, the ergonomic saddle chair provides the most appropriate posture for users. Determination of the seat height is critical to establish the proper posture, carried out using various methods of anthropometry. This study aimed to develop a simple and applied method for determining the saddle seat height with an emphasis on appropriate posture. Methods. In this study, anthropometric dimensions including weight, body height, popliteal height and seat height at 135° knee angle in 150 male and female dentists were measured. In the laboratory, to determine the ‘acetabuloischial number’, 25 male and female natural hip bones were measured. The mean saddle-chair height with knee angle of 135° was then compared by two different methods, field measurement and the new calculation method. Results. The results showed a strong correlation between data gathered from the two different methods, the field measurement and the new calculation method (98%), and Cronbach’s α from the intraclass correlation was equal to 0.994 (p?<?0.05). This indicated that the two methods produced similar results. Conclusion. The new method can be applied to calculate the optimal height of the saddle seat based on body height and popliteal height.     

Assessment of Physical Load at Work Sites: A Finnish–German Concept

The aim of this article is to introduce a set of work physiology methods for the assessment of physical load at the work site and to consider (a) their relevance for different types of muscular work, and (b) their feasibility for occupational health and safety practitioners. The results of an ergonomic intervention study for the reduction of workload associated with various manual materials handling tasks were used for the evaluation of the feasibility and sensitivity of the measurements of heart rate, the Edholm and OWAS methods, and the ratings of overall and local perceived exertion. The methods proved feasible, although time consuming, and their sensitivity for the quantification of small changes in physical workload was limited. Despite these shortcomings, these methods can be used by occupational health and safety practitioners when their strategy and data collection techniques are developed further. In conclusion, there are relevant and feasible methods fora reliable work-site assessment of cardiorespiratory and postural load related to the activation of large muscle masses. On the other hand, field methods for the quantification of local static workload and repetitive type of workload with small muscle masses are scarce.