固体废物属性鉴别有关问题的思考

固体废物属性鉴别在进口废物管理方面具有重要作用,是口岸加强进口废物监管的重要技术支持依据。在进口物品固体废物属性鉴别中,各鉴别机构可能会遇到很多难以把握的问题。对固体废物属性鉴别关键问题进行思考,包括首要解决的问题、标准或规范的使用、鉴别的三个“键节点;过程产物的判断、特性分析、二次再生资源加工产物的判断等6个方面。     

Carrying capacity as "Informed Judgment": the values of science and the science of values

Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers. That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the “values of science” to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding “science of values,” and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues.     

The ergonomics of children in playground equipment safety

INTRODUCTION: Annually, some 200,000 U.S. children require hospital emergency room treatment from injuries suffered on playground equipment. Most of these injuries (70%) are the result of falls. While standards for protective surfacing within the play zone areas are very adequate, standards for the prevention of falls are very inadequate. "Climbers" are responsible for the greatest percentage of injuries with most of these injuries the result of falls. Current standards are woefully lacking in regard to these climbers. METHOD: This paper reviews the history of climber research and climber standards. RESULTS: It then presents recommendations for improved standards in this area based on the ergonomics of the users, children.     

Valuing wildlife: a review of methods

The paper analyses the costs and benefits of conserving wildlife and reports part of a wider research project which aims to estimate the benefits of certain ecological types and habitats, and to compare the outcome of different techniques used to value wildlife. The authors outline a range of philosophical, technical and methodological problems in deriving cardinal measures of costs and benefits.     

National water policy: The need for institutional reform

The water policy of the United States of America has evolved over many years from an uncoordinated and often narrowly focused collection of legislative and administrative actions. Unfortunately, these elements are frequently in conflict, with the result that efforts to assure adequate water supplies for the future are ineffective. Water policy reform is urgently needed to preclude a major scale water crisis.The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Library of Congress or any member of Congress.     

二十一世纪的环境科学——应对复杂环境系统的挑战

综合已有的文献表述,提出了关于环境、复杂环境系统、环境问题和环境科学等基本概念的看法.对国内外环境科学专业教育做了简要的介绍和比较,分析了复杂环境系统背景下环境科学研究面对的挑战,列举了环境科学研究中需要加强并尽快取得实质性进展的几个领域,并阐述了各领域的主要研究内容和关键科学问题.初步比较了环境科学研究在中美两国的基...