Economic Modelling in Sustainability Science: Issues,Methodology, and Implications

Sustainability science is a new branch of human knowledge. It is necessary to model sustainability science based on a framework consisting of the interactions of society, ecology, the environment and the economy. This paper develops such a model, the SEEOSG model, containing the essential structural relationships that incorporate the environmental and economic conditions required for sustainability. The model is solved as a dynamic optimisation problem. This optimal growth model of ecology and economic growth enables us also to analyse the issues which are specific to sustainability science such as the ecologically sustainability and inter-generational equity implications of economic activities and policies. In the model results growth maximisation goals appear to be fraught with difficulties such as infeasibility and non-sustainability. The results also suggest also that an equilibrium ecological and economic system does not sustain over a very long period of time unless appropriate actions are taken. Readers should send thier comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

基于模拟飞行任务下的眼动指标分析

分析眼动指标在定量测量飞机驾驶员的注意力分配规律和工作负荷变化中的作用。让4个被试者在飞行模拟器上完成了3个不同阶段的模拟飞行任务,同时用眼动仪器记录了注视、扫视、瞳孔尺寸方面的眼动指标,划分为座舱外景和内部仪表两个兴趣区域对数据进行了对比和认知分析。被试者在外景有更多的注视点、更多和更长的注视时间,在仪表上的平均瞳孔尺寸比外部视景要大,平均扫视幅度随任务难度增大而减小。眼动指标可以客观地反映驾驶员的注意力分配规律和工作负荷变化;视觉飞行规则下,飞行员主要从外景获取视觉信息,他的大部分注意力都集中在外景。     

Mining with communities

To be considered as sustainable, a mining community needs to adhere to the principles of ecological sustainability, economic vitality and social equity. These principles apply over a long time span, covering both the life of the mine and post-mining closure. The legacy left by a mine to the community after its closure is emerging as a significant aspect of its planning. Progress towards sustainability is made when value is added to a community with respect to these principles by the mining operation during its life cycle. This article presents a series of cases to demonstrate the diverse potential challenges to achieving a sustainable mining community. These case studies of both new and old mining communities are drawn mainly from Canada and from locations abroad where Canadian companies are now building mines. The article concludes by considering various approaches that can foster sustainable mining communities and the role of community consultation and capacity building.     

乡村振兴目标下的国土整治研究进展及关键问题

中国国土整治历经40年发展,在促进乡村耕地保护、解决土地资源低效利用问题、助力扶贫攻坚等方面发挥了重要作用。回顾中国国土整治事业发展历程,基于文献计量分析与文献综述方法总结相关研究进展,提出了未来国土整治研究的关键问题,得到以下结论：中国国土整治事业与研究都历经国土整治规划、专项国土整治、国土综合整治三个阶段,促进乡村振兴是当前国土整治的最重要历史任务;目前形成了以解决国土空间与资源利用问题为目标,以服务政策管理需求为导向,以土地利用研究为理论支撑,以农用地整治、农村居民点整治、国土综合整治等为主要对象并向国土空间生态修复拓展的研究体系;形成了包括业务管理部门与特色科研单位为核心的分散组团式研究群体;乡村振兴目标下的国土整治研究围绕土地整治规划选址与分区决策、土地整治项目全流程监测监管与绩效评价、农村居民点整治潜力评价、土地整治政策成效评估等现实需求以及土地整治驱动生态系统变化机制、土地资源优化配置方法、土地利用冲突协调机制等科学问题开展了大量特色研究,充分发挥地理学经世致用特点。面向未来国土综合整治研究,应重点围绕“理论框架—问题识别—规划决策—技术体系”解决关键问题,以理论研究推动中国国土整治事业发展,为促进乡村振兴目标实现做出贡献。     

中国乡村旅游研究历程与新时代发展趋向

通过系统的文献梳理,回顾总结了中国乡村旅游的研究历程,将其划分为初级化应用研究（1992—2005年）、多元化拓展研究（2006—2015年）和融合性深化研究（2016年至今）三个阶段,分析了各阶段的时代背景和研究价值取向,借助CiteSpace知识图谱分析,揭示了研究主题的变化过程与研究特征。结合新时代乡村振兴战略和旅游发展需求,阐述乡村旅游的基本特性,构建了新时代乡村旅游的研究框架,提出了主要科学问题,并对乡村旅游的研究趋向及其学术创新进行了展望。强调乡村性和游憩性构成了乡村旅游的基本特性。应围绕新时代的国家战略及高质量发展要求,紧跟国际学术前沿,立足于中国乡村旅游研究的本土实践,将产业、生态、文化、治理、生活作为核心要素,构建“五位一体”的乡村旅游研究基本框架;聚焦乡村地域系统及其复杂性、关键性旅游科学问题,加强研究平台与专业人才建设,综合集成多学科理论和技术方法,强化数据驱动与科技赋能,深入揭示乡村旅游推动乡村振兴的过程、格局、机制和规律,探索中国特色的乡村旅游振兴发展模式与路径;不断推动理论研究深化、实践应用创新和乡村旅游学发展,提高乡村旅游学术水平、创新能力、服务价值和国际化水平。     

电脑使用工效学评价方法的研究：键盘和鼠标使用及人体疲劳

为了进行电脑相关肌肉骨骼疾病（Computer Related Musculoskeletal Disorders）的办公室工效学研究,需要研发更有效的电脑使用工效学评价方法。鉴于键盘和鼠标是电脑操作者最主要的输入工具,而且高重复性的操作动作会增加患肌肉骨骼疾病的风险,为了保护电脑操作者的职业健康,本研究研发一套键盘和鼠标使用的工效学评价方法并且使用该评价方法评价键盘和鼠标的使用以及使用过程中的人体疲劳。评价方法设计包括：＂键盘鼠标使用统计软件＂、＂疲劳问卷系统软件＂和数据处理和结果可视化。应用此评价方法对25个对象进行了8周的纵向观察与评价。键盘鼠标使用的评价结果能够准确反映评价对象操作键盘鼠标的实际情况;对疲劳程度的分析结果也与实验室研究结论一致,得到了理论支持,成功研发了一套创新、有效的电脑键盘和鼠标使用的工效学评价方法。     

A Model to Analyze Ergonomics Working Conditions

An ergonomics and safety model to assess and evaluate the most critical industrial improvement areas in a developing nation. This study was initiated and supported by a Fortune 500 Corporation interested in improving its global operations in developing nations. This initiative was also fully supported by an emerging nation that was concerned with its ergonomics and safety problems. The model was tested and validated in the emerging nation and the results were used to further enhance the model so that it can be implemented and adapted to other similar work environments. The model provides a practical methodology that analyzes and evaluates an emerging nation’s current work environments, suggests practical solutions, and recommends effective remedies.     

Anthropometry for Design for the Elderly

This paper presents anthropometric data on elderly people in Australia. Data were collected in the metropolitan city of Sydney, NSW, Australia. In all 171 elderly people (males and females, aged 65 years and above) took part in the study. Mean values, standard deviations, medians, range, and coefficients of variation for the various body dimensions were estimated. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to determine the relationship between different body dimensions for the elderly population. The mean stature of elderly Australian males and females were compared with populations from other countries. The paper discusses design implications for elderly people and provides several examples of application of the anthropometric data.     

Effects of Ergorest® Arm Supports on Muscle Strain and Wrist Positions During the Use of the Mouse and Keyboard in Work With Visual Display Units: A Work Site Intervention

The effects of Ergorest^® arm supports on wrist angles and musculoskeletal strain in the neck-shoulder-arm region and electrical activity in the shoulder and arm muscles were studied during typing or the use of the mouse in work with a visual display unit (VDU). Twenty-one women were randomized into 3 groups (1 arm support, 2 arm supports, and control). Measurements were carried out before and after the 6-week intervention. The wrist extension of the mouse hand, the muscle activity of the trapezius muscle, and the subjective discomfort ratings indicated that 2 arm supports were better than 1 in work with a mouse. The Ergorest^® arm support alleviates muscle and joint strain in VDU work when used for both arms.     

Reducing Musculoskeletal Discomfort: Effects of an Office Ergonomics Workplace and Training Intervention

Effects of an office ergonomics workplace and training intervention on workers’ knowledge and self-reported musculoskeletal pain and discomfort were investigated. An instructional systems design process was used to develop an office ergonomics training program and the evaluation tools used to measure the effectiveness of the training program on workers’ office ergonomics knowledge and skills. It was hypothesized that the training and workplace intervention would allow the worker to more effectively use their workplace through increased office ergonomics knowledge and skills. Following the intervention, there was a significant increase in workers’ office ergonomics knowledge and awareness. Self-reported work-related musculoskeletal disorders significantly decreased for the group who had a workplace change and received ergonomic training relative to a workplace change-only group and a no intervention control group.