Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

Multi-indicator assessment of water environment in government environmental auditing

This study focused on a multi-indicator assessment methodology for governmental environmental auditing of water protection programs. The environmental status of Wuli Lake in China was assessed using the global indicators （driver-status-response） developed by the Commission on Sustainable Development, and four additional indicators proposed by the author： water quality, pollution load, aquatic ecosystem status, and lake sediment deposition. Various hydrological, chemical, biological and environmental parameters were used to estimate the values of the indicators for assessment of environmental status of the lake based on time series data sets for twenty years. The indicators proposed can be customized to meeting the needs for particular assessment of water protection programs. This method can be used to evaluate the performance of national environmental protection programs and provide technical support for environmental auditors.     

高氟温泉水中氟在周边水环境中的分布特征与评价

针对温泉水中高氟现象,本实验利用离子选择性电极法,分析测定高氟温泉水周边河水中氟含量及河水底泥中氟含量。通过对高氟温泉水分布特征的研究可初步得知,温泉中高氟在周边水环境中分布因其氟含量大、不易被重视,对环境的影响相对较大。     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

关于道路交通噪声评价方法的探讨

根据我国城市道路交通噪声评价现状,分析现行评价道路交通噪声方法的弊端,提出改进道路交通噪声评价的思路.     

城市埋地燃气管道危险性SPA-Markov链评价预测模型

为对城市埋地燃气管道系统危险性进行动态评价及预测,为管理者提供更客观的、可靠的管理依据,将集对分析(SPA)理论和马尔科夫链相结合用于城市埋地燃气系统的动态评价中。针对城市埋地燃气管道系统存在不确定性和动态变化的特点,提出集状态评价和预测分析于一体的城市埋地燃气系统动态危险性评价预测方法。该方法利用SPA的多元联系数对系统的危险等级进行划分,运用马尔科夫链的遍历性,并将结果与集对势相结合,预测城市埋地燃气管道系统最终的危险水平。     

滑坡位移的时序分析——以楚勐公路K64+200～K64+228路基滑坡为例

基于楚勐公路K64+200～K64+228路基滑坡位移观测资料,运用分形几何中的时间序列分析方法对滑坡位移变化规律进行深入研究,发现滑坡位移的赫斯特指数H与时间相关函数C(t)随着滑坡失稳程度的加剧呈现明显的下降趋势.研究表明:①2010年1月至7月,ZK2、ZK10和 ZK11的月均位移处于递增状态,位移的H与C(t...     

淮北某采煤塌陷复垦区土质分析与复垦适宜性评价

通过对采煤塌陷区不同用途土壤的有机质、pH、钙、镁、氮、磷、钾、速效钾含量进行的分析研究,探讨了塌陷区复垦地的肥力状况,为塌陷区复垦土地农业利用提供了技术参考和理论依据。结果表明:经过一定复垦作用后,土壤肥力有所上升,但仍然达不到土壤质量标准,采煤塌陷复垦区的有机质含量严重缺少,氮极缺,磷、速效钾、钾含量丰富,土壤中的钙镁含量经过复垦后都有一定程度的改善,采煤塌陷区土壤受污染比较严重,在复垦过程中应注意增施有机肥和氮肥。我们也不要盲目的复垦,在复垦过程中要考虑到经济效益、社会效益、环境效益三者的结合。     

生活垃圾“三化”评估指标体系设计及实践

建立了一套科学、定量、可操作的生活垃圾“减量化、资源化、无害化”评估指标体系,并运用该体系对上海市2005年的生活垃圾管理和处置情况进行了回顾评价分析。