航空电子设备大气辐射环境的危害影响分析

目的调查航空电子设备在典型民用飞行高度(8 000～12 000 m)下大气辐射环境的危害影响。方法利用14 MeV高能中子源对航空电子设备用CPU、DSP、FPGA及存储器开展了辐照试验,获取了各试件的单粒子效应敏感特性,采用民航高度下大气中子注量率的典型值6000n/(cm~2·s),预计典型航空电子设备在巡航高度下可能发生的软错误率。结果约900h内,该航空电子设备会由于大气辐射单粒子效应诱发一次错误。结论在不采取针对性防护措施的前提下,大气中子诱发的单粒子效应将严重影响航空电子设备可靠性、维修性,甚至危及飞行安全。     

阿尔泰山西伯利亚云杉多种树轮宽度年表研制及其气候响应研究

利用树轮图像分析法,获取了阿尔泰山较低海拔西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）的全轮、早材和晚材树轮宽度数据,并建立三种树轮宽度年表。通过对树轮宽度年表统计特征及年表与气候因子的相关分析发现：早材生长对气候变化的敏感性更强,而晚材宽度中含有的气候信息相对较少。三种年表对气候因子的响应结果较为一致,但也存在一定的差异性。水分是研究区树木径向生长的主要限制因子。其中,全轮和早材年表与上年7月至当年6月的总降水量正相关性最高（p<0.01）,晚材年表与当年4月至7月总降水量正相关性最高（p<0.01）。上年降水量的滞后效应对早材生长的影响比晚材更大。滑动相关分析结果显示,降水量对树木径向生长的影响呈减弱趋势。     

我国环境应急监测车的现状与发展趋势

根据国家对突发环境事件应急处置的要求,结合我国环境应急监测车的发展现状和存在问题,对环境应急监测车在环境事件应急指挥系统、应急监测仪器和设备、污染物扩散模拟系统、危险化学品应急处置专家库、现场视频无线传输和通讯系统、气象系统、监测车辅助系统、个体防护器材等方面的配置和研发提出建议。     

Applications of fuzzy faulty tree analysis and expert elicitation for evaluation of risks in LPG refuelling station

A method is presented for analysis of reliability of complex engineering systems using information from fault tree analysis and uncertainty/imprecision of data. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical tool to model inaccuracy and uncertainty of the real world and human thinking. The method can address subjective, qualitative, and quantitative uncertainties involving risk analysis. Risk analysis with all the inherent uncertainties is a prime candidate for Fuzzy Logic application. Fuzzy logic combined with expert elicitation is employed in order to deal with vagueness of the data, to effectively generate basic event failure probabilities without reliance on quantitative historical failure data through qualitative data processing.The proposed model is able to quantify the fault tree of LPG refuelling facility in the absence or existence of data. This paper also illustrates the use of importance measures in sensitivity analysis. The result demonstrates that the approach is an apposite for the probabilistic reliability approach when quantitative historical failure data are unavailable. The research results can help professionals to decide whether and where to take preventive or corrective actions and help informed decision-making in the risk management process.     

整地施肥对尾叶桉生长及土壤性状的影响

整地施肥试验结果表明，全垦、带垦和穴垦三种整地方式以及施肥对尾叶按造林成活率和保存率均无明显的影响，成活率在９５％－９８．８％之间，保存率在９２．１％－９７．７％之间．整地能改变土壤性状，如土壤孔隙度全垦为５７．８８％。穴垦为４９．４２％；对林木生长有促进作用，但作用效果很快减少，如造林３年后的林木材积全垦、带垦分别为穴垦的１３６．４％和１２０．０％，５年后却分别下降到１１６．５％和１０８．３％．施肥可提高土壤养分，促进林木生长．造林５年后的调查结果，穴垦施肥林地的土壤有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１５．４４７ｇ／ｋｇ和４９．２３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年均树高生长为１．２５ｍ；不施肥处理的有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１０．３８８ｇ／ｋｇ和３５．７１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年平均生长量为０．３５ｍ；林木材积施肥处理的为不施肥的９．８倍．整地施肥还可提高林木叶片的养分含量．     

化工安全评价探讨

安全评价在化工行业中占有重要地位。安全评价的方法随着科技的进步也有了长足地发展。本文通过对国内外化工安全评价现状的分析，详细地比较了几种常用。在此基础上，提出一套可行的评价方案，并结合具体项目，运用该方案分析了项目的危险等级，制定了预防措施。     

硝化甘油生产系统的安全分析

对硝化甘油生产事故进行了综合统计分析,然后采用ＦＴＡ对硝化甘油生产过程的危险性作了详细的定性分析,并且根据分析结果提出了针对性的改进措施和安全注意事项     

树木健康与病虫草害的关系分析

本文论述了树木健康与病害、虫害、草害的关系。     

Genetic and Environmental Effects Assessment in Scots Pine Provenances Planted in Central Siberia

Scots pine provenance trials were established in 1964 in forest-steppe and in 1974 in southern taiga zones of Central Siberia from seeds collected over whole Russia. Tree-ring characteristics (radial growth and density chronologies) from 12 and 16 provenances planted in those plantations were measured densitometrically. Tree-ring analysis revealed a retention of a genetically fixed response to climatic factors proper to pines' origin. Trees from higher latitudes keep the orientation towards accelerated growth at the beginning of a growing season, which is followed by a rapid transition to formation of latewood cells and deceleration of growth earlier, than in medium-latitude trees. Main climatic factors controlling tree-rings formation differed slightly between different provenances within plantations. Genetically fixed ability of the provenances are not great (less than 15%), that proves high adaptability of pines to abrupt climatic change. Tree-ring formation of Scots pine provenances is mainly determined by the environmental factors.     

Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) part 1: Literature overview and research concept

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: For decades, very large areas of former military sites have been contaminated diffusely with the persistent nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The recalcitrance of the environmental hazard TNT is to a great extent due to its particulate soil existence, which leads to slow but continuous leaching processes. Although improper handling during the manufacture of TNT seems to be a problem of the past in developed countries, environmental deposition of TNT and other explosives is still going on unfortunately, resulting from thousands of unexploded ordnance or low order explosions at munitions test areas and at current battlefields. OBJECTIVE: Sustainable phytoremediation strategies for explosives in Germany, which intend to use trees to decontaminate soil and groundwater ('dendroremediation'), have to consider that most of the former German military sites are already covered with woodlands, mainly with conifer stands. Therefore, parallel investigation of the remediation potential is necessary for both of the selected hybrids of fast growing broadleaf trees, which are waiting for planting and forest conifers, which have already proven for decades that they are able to grow on explosive contaminated sites. MAIN FEATURES: A short literature review is given regarding phytoremediation of TNT with herbaceous plants and some general aspects of dendroremediation are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of our TNT-dendroremediation research network is introduced, which has the strategic goal to make dendroremediation more calculable for a series of potent trees for site-adapted in situ application and for the assessment of tree remediation potentials in natural attenuation processes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Some of our methods, results and conclusions yet unpublished are presented. For a preliminary calculation of area-related annual TNT dendroremediation potential of five-year-old trees, the following values were assessed: Salix EW-13 6.0, Salix EW-20 8.5, Populus ZP-007 4.2, Betula pendula 5.2, Picea abies 1.9 and Pinus sylvestris 0.8 g m(-2) a(-1). For a 45-year-old spruce forest, an annual natural attenuation potential of 4.2 g TNT m(-2) a(-1) was found. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Our main results deliver quantitative proposals for dendroremediation strategies in situ and provide decision aids. Also aspects of growth of raw materials for energy production are considered. Our dendroremediation research concept for TNT and its congeners can be easily completed for other trees of interest and it can also be applied to herbaceous plants. Knowing the current bottlenecks of phytoremediation and considering the known environmental behaviour of other contaminants, elements of our methodological approach may be easily adapted to those pollutant groups, e.g. for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, chlorinated recalcitrants and, with some restrictions, to inorganics and to multiple contaminations. Our dynamical dendrotolerance test systems will help to predict tree growth on polluted areas. To provide some light into the black box of TNT dendroremediation, experimental data regarding the uptake, distribution and degradation of [14C]-TNT in mature tree tissues will be reported in the second part of this publication.